Paracas, Topará and early Nasca : ethnicity and society on the south central Andean coast
Paracas, Topará and early Nasca : ethnicity and society on the south central Andean coast
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帕拉卡斯、托帕拉和早期纳斯卡：安第斯山脉中南部海岸的种族和社会
DOI：
10.1093/envhis/emq009
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发表时间：
1997
影响因子：
0.7
通讯作者：
Ann H. Peters
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ann H. Peters
与现在世界范围内公认的破坏相比，过去人类是如何影响海洋生物的？这个问题既与海洋环境史有关，也与历史生态学和考古学有关，但到目前为止，主要是后两个领域的学者试图回答这个问题。贡献者这个集体卷处理人类与鱼类，海洋哺乳动物，海鸟，爬行动物，无脊椎动物和植被在11个世界地区的关系。在开篇的一章中，两位编辑都是考古学家，在过去人类与一般环境，特别是海洋环境的互动这一更大的企业中，列出了基本的概念和问题。自更新世以来，人类一直以破坏性和长期可持续的方式开发水生生物形式。问题是要发现和评估人类活动对海洋生态系统的影响，这些影响现在被认为是十年尺度和更长时间的波动，使资源减少成为自然资源或人类活动转移的模糊迹象。今天的海洋生物学家观察到，在选择性去除关键物种后，营养金字塔上的变化呈级联状。确定过去人类捕食的营养效应需要重建食物网，现在通过对人类和动物遗骸的稳定同位素分析揭示的食性痕迹有助于这项任务的完成。但是，对人类和其他生物的材料和书面记录进行必要的鉴定和协调，是否应该只留给生态学家和考古学家呢？
How have humans affected marine life in past time as compared to the devastation now recognized worldwide? The question pertains as much to marine environmental history as to historical ecology and archaeozoology, but it is, for the most part, scholars of the latter fields who so far have attempted to answer it. Contributors to this collective volume treat human relations with fishes, marine mammals, sea birds, reptiles, invertebrates, and vegetation in eleven world regions. In an opening chapter the editors, both archaeologists, lay out fundamental concepts and issues in the larger enterprise of past human interaction with the environment in general and the maritime setting in particular. Since the Pleistocene humans have exploited aquatic life forms in ways both damaging and long sustainable. The problem is to detect and assess the impacts of human action against what are now recognized as decade-scale and longer fluctuations in marine ecosystems, making resource depression an ambiguous sign of shifting natural stocks or human agency. Present-day marine biologists observe change cascading down trophic pyramids after selective removal of keystone species. Ascertaining the trophic effect of past human predation calls for reconstructing food webs, a task now facilitated by traces of feeding habits revealed through stable isotope analysis of human and animal remains. But ought the necessary identification and reconciling of material and written records of humans and other organisms be left only to ecologists and archaeologists?