Communist and Homosexual: The FBI, Harry Hay, and the Secret Side of the Lavender Scare, 1943–1961
Communist and Homosexual: The FBI, Harry Hay, and the Secret Side of the Lavender Scare, 1943–1961
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共产主义与同性恋：联邦调查局、哈利·海和薰衣草恐慌的秘密面，1943-1961
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发表时间：
2012
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通讯作者：
Douglas M. Charles
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作者：
Douglas M. Charles
随着20世纪40年代末和50年代冷战的发展，一场共产主义集团与民主西方之间的冲突，涉及潜在的核破坏和对国内颠覆的恐惧，在美国发展了两种密切相关的，而且经常混淆，但不同的公共现象。第一次始于1947年，当时国会中的共和党人表达了对同性恋者被国务院雇用的担忧;他们认为，像酒鬼和通奸者这样的人可能会被勒索出卖他们国家的秘密，因此是安全风险。此后，公共政治迫害和清洗同性恋者在政府服务和超越-这已成为众所周知的熏衣草恐慌-增长和扩大，直到它在20世纪70年代消亡。第二种现象始于1950年，集中在忠诚问题上，以及共产党人在政府部门内外构成的威胁。第二个事件被错误地称为麦卡锡主义，以来自威斯康星州的初级参议员约瑟夫·麦卡锡（Joseph McCarthy）的名字命名，他为为什么美国人似乎在20世纪50年代初的冷战中失败提供了令人信服的理由-颠覆-然后利用聚光灯来推进他的政治生涯。这两次政治迫害在当时（现在仍然是）公众和政府的心目中经常被混为一谈，而且确实有很多共同点，但它们实际上是相似和平行的，但独立的政治迫害;或者本作者称之为异卵双胞胎。这两个人在1950年被混为一谈并不奇怪，因为在当年2月，麦卡锡通过他臭名昭著的旋转演讲，将公众的注意力集中在共产党执政的问题上。
With the development of the Cold War in the late 1940s and 1950s, a conflict that pitted the Communist bloc against the democratic West involving potential nuclear devastation and fears of domestic subversion, there developed in the United States two closely related, and often conflated, but distinct public phenomena. The first began in 1947 when Republicans in the Congress expressed fears of homosexuals being employed by the State Department; people, they believed, who like drunks and adulterers could be blackmailed into betraying their country’s secrets and were therefore security risks. Thereafter, the public witch hunt and purge of homosexuals in government service and beyond—what has become known as the Lavender Scare—grew and expanded until its demise in the 1970s. The second phenomenon began in 1950 and focused on the issue of loyalty and the seeming threat posed by Communists in government service and beyond. This second event inaccurately has been dubbed McCarthyism, named for the junior senator from Wisconsin, Joseph McCarthy, who provided a convincing rationale for why Americans were seemingly losing the Cold War by the early 1950s—subversion—and who then took advantage of the limelight to advance his political career. The two witch hunts were (and still are) often conflated in the public and government minds at the time, and indeed had much in common, but they were in reality similar and parallel, but separate, witch hunts; or what the present author would call fraternal twins. It is not surprising that the two were conflated in 1950, for in February of that year McCarthy had focused public scrutiny on the Communists-in-government issue with his infamous Wheeling speech about