Preliminary evaluation of a behaviour-based system for assessment of post-operative pain in horses following arthroscopic surgery
Preliminary evaluation of a behaviour-based system for assessment of post-operative pain in horses following arthroscopic surgery
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DOI：
10.1046/j.1467-2995.2003.00139.x
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发表时间：
2003-07-01
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
Waran, NK
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Price, J;Catriona, S;Waran, NK
目的 开发一种客观评估马术后疼痛的方法。 研究设计 前瞻性非盲临床研究。 动物 12 匹成年马：I 组（G1，n = 6），入院进行关节镜检查（全身麻醉，采用多模式镇痛）；第 2 组（G2，n = 6），“无痛”对照。材料和方法 对马进行连续拍摄（CVI。延时录像机）超过 72 小时。从术前 24 小时 (PS) 到恢复后 48 小时 (PR) (G1)，以及超过 24 小时 (G2)。活动预算根据 24 至 0 小时 PS、024 和 24-48 小时 PR (G1) 以及 24 小时 (G2) 确定。使用直接观察（DO），在设定的时间点 PS 和 PR（G1）以及两个时间点（早上/晚上）（G2）记录主动行为和姿势。同时记录心率（HR）和呼吸率（RR）。统计分析调查了组内和组间时间相关的行为变化。 HR 和 RR。结果 G1 和 G2 之间在任何时间点的 HR 或 RR 均无差异。麻醉“宿醉”和饥饿相关的活动在 PR 0 至 6 小时内调节行为，此时所有 G1 马都出现异常姿势和运动，但 G2 马没有出现异常。与 G1（0-24 小时 PR）相比，G2 进食的时间更多（t = -3.34，p < 0.01），在马厩前面的时间更多（t = -2.42，p < 0.05），表现“异常”行为的时间更少（U = 56，p < 0.01）。比较 PS 和 PR 行为，G1 在 24 至 48 小时 PR 期间花费的时间较少（t = 3.49，p < 0.05），胸骨卧位时间较少（t = -3.8，p < 0.05），移动时间较少（t = 3.19，p < 0.05）。马匹倾向于 (p < 0.07) 在马厩前部停留的时间较少（24 至 48 小时 PR 的时间少于 0 至 24 小时 PR 的时间）。比较公关（晚间）行为。 G2 头部高于马肩隆的时间更长 (U = 21.5, p < 0.01)。耳朵向前 (U = 22, p < 0.01)。 G1 显示与时间相关的变化（所有 p < 0.05），包括下唇紧张 (S = 15.8)、进食 (S = 17.08) 和头部位于马肩隆上方 (S = 18.04)。 G1 和 G2 之间没有观察到事件行为的差异。在 G1 内，只有嗅觉行为随时间显着变化 (S = 14.52，p < 0.05)。 结论 使用 DO 和 CVI 识别出暗示术后不适的马行为变化。与重复特定事件和姿势的 DO 相比，活动预算分析可能是识别表明马不适的行为变化的更灵敏的方法。
Objective To develop a method for objective assessment of equine post-operative pain.Study design Prospective nonblinded clinical study.Animals Twelve adult horses: Group I (G1, n = 6), admitted for arthroscopy (under general anaesthesia, with multimodal analgesia); Group 2 (G2, n = 6), 'pain free' controls.Materials and methods Horses were filmed continuously (CVI. time-lapse video recorder) over 72 hours. from 24 hours pre-surgery (PS) to 48 hours post-recovery (PR) (G1), and over 24 hours (G2). Activity budgets were determined from 24 to 0 hours PS, 024 and 24-48 hours PR (G1) and for 24 hours (G2). Using direct observation (DO), active behaviours and postures were recorded at set time points PS and PR (G1) and at two time points (morning/evening) (G2). Heart rate (HR) and respiration rate (RR) were recorded simultaneously. Statistical analysis investigated within-group and between-group time-relate changes in behaviour. HR and RR.Results There was no difference in HR or RR between G1 and G2 at any time point. Anaesthetic 'hangover' and hunger-related activity modulated behaviour from 0 to 6 hours PR, when abnormal postures and locomotion occurred in all G1 horses, but no G2 horses. Compared with G1 (0-24 hours PR), G2 spent more time eating (t = -3.34, p < 0.01), more time at the front of the stable (t = -2.42, p < 0.05), and less time exhibiting 'abnormal' behaviour (U = 56, p < 0.01). Comparing PS and PR behaviour, G1 spent less time exploring from 24 to 48 hours PR (t = 3.49, p < 0.05), less time in sternal recumbency (t = -3.8, p < 0.05) and less time moving (t = 3.19, p < 0.05). Horses tended (p < 0.07) to spend less time positioned in the front of the stable PR (less from 24 to 48 hours PR than from 0 to 24 hours PR). Comparing PR (evening) behaviour. G2 spent more time with head above withers (U = 21.5, p < 0.01). and ears forwards (U = 22, p < 0.01). G1 showed time-related changes (all p < 0.05) in time with lower lip tense (S = 15.8), eating (S = 17.08) and with head positioned above withers (S = 18.04). No differences in event behaviours were observed between G1 and G2. Within G1, only olfactory behaviour varied significantly with time (S = 14.52, p < 0.05).Conclusions Changes in equine behaviour suggestive of post-operative discomfort were identified using both DO and CVI. Analysis of activity budgets may be a more sensitive method of identifying behavioural changes indicative of equine discomfort than repeated DO of specific events and postures.