Dietary, behavioral, and morphological aspects of gummivory† in primates
Dietary, behavioral, and morphological aspects of gummivory† in primates
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灵长类动物食胶†的饮食、行为和形态方面
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发表时间：
1986
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通讯作者：
L. Nash
中科院分区：
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作者：
L. Nash
灵长类动物通常分为食动物、食果动物或食叶动物。最近的实地研究表明，植物分泌物，主要是树胶，也是灵长类动物饮食的重要组成部分。其他脊椎动物很少吃口香糖。有一类灵长类食胶动物，包括狐猴（英语：lemur femur）、长尾猴（英语：Galagine Euoticus），特别是绒猴（英语：Marmosets Cebuella）和猫猴（英语：Cat-lithrix），它们的牙齿适应性很强，可以用凿或刮树木来刺激牙龈的流动。这一组的成员也有修改的指甲，促进姿势剧目需要收获大直径树干牙龈。第二组，包括Galago spp.，Perodicticus potto，绢毛猴（Saguinus spp.），狒狒（Papio属），长尾猴（Cercopithecus aethiops）和红猴（Erythrocebus patas）在形态上的特化程度较低。这些灵长类动物吃的牙龈渗出响应昆虫和/或机械损伤。口香糖是复杂的多糖，像树叶一样，需要发酵消化。至少有一些食胶灵长类动物显示出肠道对发酵的专门化。牙龈也可能是矿物质的重要来源，特别是钙。像食叶动物一样，食胶动物有能力避免在树胶中发现的次级化合物，如单宁和酚类。牙龈呈小而分散的斑块状。每个牙龈部位通常一次只能容纳一个人，但该部位可能会迅速更新。一棵树可能含有许多牙龈部位。因此，觅食和消化的挑战所带来的gummivory涉及一个独特的组合功能显示动物，frugivory，和食叶动物。了解食胶行为的生物学基础，对于解释早期灵长类动物的解剖学和行为模式的建立具有重要价值。
Primates are usually classified as faunivores, frugivores, or folivores. Recent field studies have shown that plant exudates, mainly gums, are also a significant component of primate diets. Few other vertebrates consume gum. One group of primate gummivores, including the lemur Phaner, the galagine Euoticus, and especially the marmosets Cebuella and Cat-lithrix, has dental adaptations allowing its members to gouge or scrape trees to stimulate the flow of gum. Members of this group also have modifications of the nails which facilitate the postural repertoire required to harvest gums on large-diameter trunks. A second group, including Galago spp., Perodicticus potto, tamarins (Saguinus spp.), baboons (Papio spp.), vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops), and patas (Erythrocebus patas), is less morphologically specialized. These primates eat gums exuded in response to insect and/or mechanical damage. Gums are complex polysaccharides which, like foliage, require fermentation for digestion. At least some gummivorous primates show intestinal specializations for fermentation. Gums may also be an important source of minerals, especially calcium. Like folivores, gum feeders have the capacity to avoid secondary compounds found in gum, such as tannins and phenols. Gums are found in small, discrete patches. Each gum site can generally accommodate only one individual at a time, but the site may be rapidly renewed. One tree may contain many gum sites. Consequently, the foraging and digestive challenges entailed by gummivory involve a unique combination of features shows by faunivory, frugivory, and folivory. Understanding the biological bases of gummivory will be of value in interpreting the anatomy and modeling the behavior of early primates.