Power geometries of encampment. The reproduction of domination and marginality among Somali refugees in Kakuma
Power geometries of encampment. The reproduction of domination and marginality among Somali refugees in Kakuma
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DOI：
10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.01.010
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发表时间：
2020-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Iazzolino, Gianluca
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Iazzolino, Gianluca
我的文章关注的是肯尼亚北部图尔卡纳县卡库马难民营中索马里难民之间权力差异的再现。通过研究难民营的空间组织如何反映并放大了先前存在的不平等，它讨论了难民跨越难民营边界并模糊其边界的社会关系的重要性。基于对难民营和内罗毕的难民和人道主义人员的采访和焦点小组讨论，本文建立在亚当·拉马丹对难民营的空间化方法和多琳·梅西的“权力几何”概念的基础上，从经验上促进关于空间、生物政治和不平等再现的辩论。报告描述了在卡库马，主要来自达鲁德族和哈维耶族的索马里企业家如何利用他们的社会网络，更好地利用难民营的连通基础设施，从而巩固了他们的经济主导地位，同时巩固了索马里班图的依赖和边缘化，而索马里班图是一个在索马里社会中有社会经济排斥历史的社区。本文认为，权力关系与难民营的重要性交织在一起，表明卡库马的计划是由足智多谋的索马里企业家争先恐后地争取获得难民营的连接基础设施，如主要道路和电信网络的特权而形成的。因此，对这些商品、货币和信息流通的基础设施的控制，有助于重现先前存在的权力关系。
My article is concerned with the reproduction of power differentials among Somali refugees in Kakuma refugee camp, in Northern Kenya's Turkana County. By examining how the spatial organisation of the camp mirrors, and amplifies, pre-existing inequalities, it discusses the importance of refugees' social relations crossing, and blurring, the boundaries of the camp. Based on interviews and focus group discussions with refugees and humanitarian personnel in the camp and in Nairobi, this paper builds upon Adam Ramadan's spatialising approach to the refugee camp and Doreen Massey's notion of 'power geometry' to empirically contribute to the debate on space, biopolitics and the reproduction of inequality. In doing so, it describes how, in Kakuma, Somali entrepreneurs, mostly from Darood and Hawiye clans, leveraged their social networks to gain better access to the connectivity infrastructure of the camp, thus consolidating their position of economic dominance while entrenching the dependency and marginality of Somali Bantu, a community with a history of socio-economic exclusion within the Somali society. This article argues that relations of power are entwined to the materiality of the camp, showing that the plan of Kakuma has been shaped by the rush of resourceful Somali entrepreneurs to secure privileged access to the connectivity infrastructures of the camp, such as the main road and the telecommunication network. The control of these infrastructures through which goods, money and information circulate has thus contributed to reproducing pre-existing power relations.