Use of Chemical and Nonchemical Methods for the Control of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) and Associated Winter Colony Losses in US Beekeeping Operations
Use of Chemical and Nonchemical Methods for the Control of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) and Associated Winter Colony Losses in US Beekeeping Operations
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DOI：
10.1093/jee/toz088
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发表时间：
2019-08-01
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
vanEngelsdorp, Dennis
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Haber, Ariela, I;Steinhauer, Nathalie A.;vanEngelsdorp, Dennis
寄生螨狄斯瓦螨（阿卡里：瓦螨科）是美国越冬蜜蜂（意大利蜜蜂）群体损失的主要原因，这表明养蜂人必须控制瓦螨种群以维持可行的群体。养蜂人可以使用几种化学瓦螨酸和非化学方法来控制瓦螨种群。然而，在美国，没有研究检查瓦螨属控制方法的大规模模式。在这里，我们使用了来自美国所有地区和经营规模的养蜂人的4年年度调查的回复，以调查瓦螨属控制方法的使用和与使用不同方法相关的冬季蜂群损失。我们专注于七种瓦螨酸产品（双甲脒、蝇毒磷、氟胺氰菊酯、啤酒花油、草酸、甲酸和百里酚）和六种非化学方法（雄蜂育雏去除、小细胞梳子、筛选底板、糖粉、抗螨蜜蜂和分裂菌落），这些方法有助于瓦螨属的控制。我们发现，几乎所有大规模的养蜂人都使用至少一种瓦螨酸，而小规模的养蜂人更有可能只使用非化学方法或不使用任何瓦螨属控制。使用伐罗酸与冬季损失最低相关，双甲脒与任何其他伐罗酸产品的损失较低相关。在非化学的做法，分裂殖民地与最低的冬季损失，虽然损失与单独使用非化学的做法是高的整体。我们的研究结果表明，潜在的控制方法是有效的或首选的养蜂人，因此，应通知实验，直接测试不同的控制方法的有效性。这将使养蜂人能够将瓦螨属的控制方法纳入管理计划，提高蜂群的越冬成功率。
The parasitic mite Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) is a major cause of overwintering honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony losses in the United States, suggesting that beekeepers must control Varroa populations to maintain viable colonies. Beekeepers have access to several chemical varroacides and nonchemical practices to control Varroa populations. However, no studies have examined large-scale patterns in Varroa control methods in the United States. Here we used responses from 4 yr of annual surveys of beekeepers representing all regions and operation sizes across the United States to investigate use of Varroa control methods and winter colony losses associated with use of different methods. We focused on seven varroacide products (amitraz, coumaphos, fluvalinate, hop oil, oxalic acid, formic acid, and thymol) and six nonchemical practices (drone brood removal, small-cell comb, screened bottom boards, powdered sugar, mite-resistant bees, and splitting colonies) suggested to aid in Varroa control. We found that nearly all large-scale beekeepers used at least one varroacide, whereas small-scale beekeepers were more likely to use only nonchemical practices or not use any Varroa control. Use of varroacides was consistently associated with the lowest winter losses, with amitraz being associated with lower losses than any other varroacide product. Among nonchemical practices, splitting colonies was associated with the lowest winter losses, although losses associated with sole use of nonchemical practices were high overall. Our results suggest potential control methods that are effective or preferred by beekeepers and should therefore inform experiments that directly test the efficacy of different control methods. This will allow beekeepers to incorporate Varroa control methods into management plans that improve the overwintering success of their colonies.