Long-lasting effects of performance-contingent unconscious and conscious reward incentives during cued task-switching
Long-lasting effects of performance-contingent unconscious and conscious reward incentives during cued task-switching
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cortex.2012.05.018
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发表时间：
2013-07-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.6
通讯作者：
Dufour, Andre
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Capa, Remi L.;Bouquet, Cedric A.;Dufour, Andre
动机通常被认为是有意识地与执行控制相互作用的，尽管最近的研究表明动机也可以是无意识的。然而，到目前为止，无意识动机对高阶执行控制功能的影响还没有被探索。只有少数研究使用阈下刺激（即，那些与动机无关的，如启动反应的箭头）对高级执行控制功能有短暂的影响。在这里，建立在对无意识动机的研究基础上，在这种动机中，一种坚持不懈的行为被诱导以达到一个目标，我们假设阈下动机可以对执行控制过程产生持久的影响。我们研究了无意识/有意识的金钱奖励激励对线索任务转换过程中诱发电位和神经活动动力学的影响。参与者进行了长时间的任务转换。在每一次运行的开始，奖励（50美分或1美分）显示，无论是潜意识或supraliminally。参与者获得的奖励取决于他们对每次跑步试验的正确反应。较高比例的跑步是在较高（有意识和无意识）奖励下完成的，而不是在较低奖励下完成的，这表明无意识的高奖励具有持久的行为影响。事件相关电位（ERP）的结果表明，无意识和有意识的奖励影响的准备工作在任务准备，如建议的一个更大的额-中央应急负变（CNV）开始在线索开始。然而，一个更大的顶叶P3与更好的反应时间（RTs），观察只有在有意识的高奖励的条件下，这表明大量的工作记忆投资在任务执行。总之，这些结果表明，无意识和有意识的动机是相似的，在任务转换准备的早期阶段，但不同的任务执行。(C)2012爱思唯尔有限公司保留所有权利。
Motivation is often thought to interact consciously with executive control, although recent studies have indicated that motivation can also be unconscious. To date, however, the effects of unconscious motivation on high-order executive control functions have not been explored. Only a few studies using subliminal stimuli (i.e., those not related to motivation, such as an arrow to prime a response) have reported short-lived effects on high-order executive control functions. Here, building on research on unconscious motivation, in which a behavior of perseverance is induced to attain a goal, we hypothesized that subliminal motivation can have long-lasting effects on executive control processes. We investigated the impact of unconscious/conscious monetary reward incentives on evoked potentials and neural activity dynamics during cued task-switching performance. Participants performed long runs of task-switching. At the beginning of each run, a reward (50 cents or 1 cent) was displayed, either subliminally or supraliminally. Participants earned the reward contingent upon their correct responses to each trial of the run. A higher percentage of runs was achieved with higher (conscious and unconscious) than lower rewards, indicating that unconscious high rewards have long-lasting behavioral effects. Event-related potential (ERP) results indicated that unconscious and conscious rewards influenced preparatory effort in task preparation, as suggested by a greater fronto-central contingent negative variation (CNV) starting at cue-onset. However, a greater parietal P3 associated with better reaction times (RTs) was observed only under conditions of conscious high reward, suggesting a larger amount of working memory invested during task performance. Together, these results indicate that unconscious and conscious motivations are similar at early stages of task-switching preparation but differ during task performance. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.