For antagonists and mutualists: the paradox of insect toxic secondary metabolites in nectar and pollen
For antagonists and mutualists: the paradox of insect toxic secondary metabolites in nectar and pollen
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DOI：
10.1007/s11101-019-09642-y
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发表时间：
2019-08
影响因子：
7.7
通讯作者：
P. Stevenson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
P. Stevenson
植物界产生极其多样化的次生代谢物，大多数文献支持它们的防御性生态作用，特别是针对无脊椎动物食草动物（拮抗剂）。植物还在花蜜和花粉中产生次生化合物，这些化合物通常与植物其他地方为防御无脊椎动物而产生的化合物相似。这主要是因为单一植物物种内的化学军械库通常仅限于少数生化途径和有限的化学产品，但它们在花奖励中的出现如何调节以介导防御和增强授粉尚不清楚。本文回顾了几种植物化学物质，比较了它们的防御功能及其对花卉互利共生的益处。其中包括咖啡因、乌头碱、尼古丁、百里香酚、芳樟醇、羽扇豆碱和灰木毒素，比较了它们的防御功能的证据与它们对传粉媒介、行为和健康的影响。在最近的研究中讨论了适应和花性状进化的驱动因素。最终需要更多的研究来帮助确定花卉化学物质对自由飞行的蜜蜂的影响，以及食花昆虫如何代谢、隔离或排泄化合物，以了解它们如何影响授粉昆虫或其寄生虫。还需要对植物如何调节花蜜和花粉化学进行更多的研究，以更好地了解次生代谢物及其防御和传粉媒介支持功能是如何控制、进化和适应的。
The plant kingdom produces an extraordinary diversity of secondary metabolites and the majority of the literature supports a defensive ecological role for them, particularly against invertebrate herbivores (antagonists). Plants also produce secondary compounds in floral nectar and pollen and these are often similar to those produced for defense against invertebrates elsewhere in the plant. This is largely because the chemical armoury within a single plant species is typically restricted to a few biochemical pathways and limited chemical products but how their occurrence in floral rewards is regulated to mediate both defence and enhanced pollination is not well understood. Several phytochemicals are reviewed here comparing the defensive function alongside their benefit to flower visiting mutualists. These include caffeine, aconitine, nicotine, thymol, linalool, lupanine and grayanotoxins comparing the evidence for their defensive function with their impacts on pollinators, their behaviour and well-being. Drivers of adaptation and the evolution of floral traits are discussed in the context of recent studies. Ultimately more research is required that helps determine the impacts of floral chemicals in free flying bees, and how compounds are metabolized, sequestered or excreted by flower feeding insects to understand how they may then affect the pollinators or their parasites. More work is also required on how plants regulate nectar and pollen chemistry to better understand how secondary metabolites and their defensive and pollinator supporting functions are controlled, evolve and adapt.