Language and Gesture: Language and gesture: unity or duality?
Language and Gesture: Language and gesture: unity or duality?
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语言和手势： 语言和手势：统一还是二元？
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发表时间：
2000
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通讯作者：
A. Kendon
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作者：
A. Kendon
引言“语言”和“手势”长期以来一直被认为是不同的，但同时它们之间的关系一直被认可。然而，它们是否被认为属于一起取决于这些词是如何定义的。因此，如果与阿姆斯特朗，斯托克和威尔科克斯，我们接受Studdert-Kennedy的（1987：77）将“手势”定义为“达到某种目的的协调运动的等价类”（参见Armstrong等人，1995年：43），那么，只要讲话，让我们说，手势是由“协调的运动，达到某种目的，“我们有可能主张两者之间存在一种基本的同一性，事实上，他们已经这样做了。另一方面，如果我们像有些人那样坚持认为语言的一个决定性特征是它是说出来的，那么这似乎永远不可能把“手势”看作是“语言”的一部分。然而，如果我们以一种更抽象的方式来定义语言，并允许语言的实现媒介不是它的定义特征之一，那么“手势”是否被视为语言的一部分取决于坚持的其他特征。例如，如果我们遵循索绪尔对语言的定义，只要“手势”可以被证明是在对比关系中区分的任意形式-意义对，并且以聚合和组合的方式组织，它们就可以被视为语言的一种形式。基于这些理由，手势系统，如主要或替代手语，将被包括在内，但我们可能会排除这样的表达方式，即兴或当地创造的手势，如可能会在许多手势中观察到与语音同时使用。
Introduction ‘Language’ and ‘gesture’ have long been held to be different, yet at the same time a relationship between them has always been recognized. However, whether they are regarded as belonging together or not depends upon how these words are defined. Thus if, with Armstrong, Stokoe & Wilcox, we accept Studdert-Kennedy's (1987: 77) definition of ‘gesture’ as “an equivalence class of coordinated movements that achieve some end” (see Armstrong et al. 1995: 43), then, insofar as both speech and, let us say, gestures of the hands are comprised of “coordinated movements that achieve some end,” it is possible to argue for a fundamental identity between the one and the other, as indeed they have done. On the other hand, if we insist, as some have, that a defining feature of language is that it be spoken, then this seems forever to make it impossible to see ‘gesture’ as part of ‘language’. However, if we define language in a more abstract fashion, and allow that its medium of realization is not one of its defining features, then whether or not ‘gesture’ is to be seen as a part of language depends upon what other features are insisted upon. For example, if we follow Saussure's definition of language, so long as ‘gestures’ can be shown to be arbitrary form-meaning pairs differentiated in contrastive relationships and organized paradigmatically and syntagmatically, they can be regarded as a form of language. On these grounds, gesture systems such as primary or alternate sign languages would be included, but we might exclude such modes of expression as improvised or locally created gesturings such as may be observed in many of the gestures used concurrently with speech.