The Functional Organization of Vertebrate Retinal Circuits for Vision
The Functional Organization of Vertebrate Retinal Circuits for Vision
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DOI：
10.1093/acrefore/9780190264086.013.68
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发表时间：
2018-03
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
T. Baden;T. Schubert;Philipp Berens;Thomas Euler
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
T. Baden;T. Schubert;Philipp Berens;Thomas Euler
视觉处理开始于视网膜--一种排列在脊椎动物眼睛后部的薄而多层的神经组织。视网膜不仅仅是读出不断撞击在其密集的感光细胞阵列上的光子流。相反，它首先对视觉场景进行广泛的分析，同时不断调整其灵敏度范围以适应输入统计数据，例如亮度或对比度分布。视网膜的功能组织遵循几个关键的组织原则。这些包括发散和收敛的重叠和重复实例，恒定和动态范围调整，以及（也许最重要的）将图像信息分解为并行通道。这通常被称为“并行处理”。为了支持这一点，视网膜具有大量的神经元多样性，这些神经元在功能上重叠的微电路中组织，这些微电路通常以规则的马赛克均匀地对视网膜表面进行采样。最终，每个回路驱动视网膜输出神经元（视网膜神经节细胞）中的尖峰序列。它们的轴突形成视神经，向大脑中的高级视觉中心传达多种不同的、通常已经经过大量处理的世界观。
Visual processing begins in the retina—a thin, multilayered neuronal tissue lining the back of the vertebrate eye. The retina does not merely read out the constant stream of photons impinging on its dense array of photoreceptor cells. Instead it performs a first, extensive analysis of the visual scene, while constantly adapting its sensitivity range to the input statistics, such as the brightness or contrast distribution. The functional organization of the retina abides to several key organizational principles. These include overlapping and repeating instances of both divergence and convergence, constant and dynamic range-adjustments, and (perhaps most importantly) decomposition of image information into parallel channels. This is often referred to as “parallel processing.” To support this, the retina features a large diversity of neurons organized in functionally overlapping microcircuits that typically uniformly sample the retinal surface in a regular mosaic. Ultimately, each circuit drives spike trains in the retina’s output neurons, the retinal ganglion cells. Their axons form the optic nerve to convey multiple, distinctive, and often already heavily processed views of the world to higher visual centers in the brain.