The Nasal Phonemes of Sanskrit
The Nasal Phonemes of Sanskrit
复制标题
梵语鼻音
作者：
M. B. Emeneau
梵语的字母表通常被认为是音位的，在大多数情况下，当我们借助古老的印度教语音学论文，从描述性的角度来考察这种语言时，我们会发现它确实是音位的。这些论文大概是在语言还在使用的时候写的。作者非常精细的语音观察使他们认识到我们现在所说的音位变体或音位的位置变体，但他们的方法是这样的，他们的观察很少使他们放弃音位原则，赞成“狭义”的转录。例如，虽然无舌送气（h）的两个变体或变体，即有舌根色和唇色的无舌送气（分别为jihvdmimlya和upadhmaniya），得到了承认，但为这些变体发明的符号在语言文字中没有永久的立足点，只能在语法论文中使用。另一个突出的处理音位变体的方法是在语法论文中处理不同长度的辅音簇的部分。总的来说，这也被放在了适当的位置，而不是被强加到写作中。然而，有一两处偏离了写作的音位性质。毫无疑问，典型的印度人对图式对称的渴望导致了一种书写长音节侧音（？）的方法的发明。除了在字母表中，它在语言中无处不在。帕尼尼的Sivasaitra（字母表）是如此的框架，长元音不写在它里面，而像1.1.3（iko gunavrddhi）这样的sfitras意味着，正如注释者明确解释的那样，ik代表了元音的完整列表，包括短元音和长元音。在此基础上，我们不必假设帕尼尼为梵语建立了一个音素1。毫无疑问，它在他之前就被纳入字母表中是由于系统化者和之前的一位语法学家的误导性努力造成的。
The alphabet in which Sanskrit is written is usually considered to be phonemic in character, and in most respects it is found to be so when the language is examined from a descriptive point of view with the aid of the old Hindu phonetic treatises. These treatises were presumably written when the language was still spoken. The very refined phonetic observations of the authors led them to recognize what we now refer to as allophones or positional variants of the phonemes, but their method was such that their observations seldom led them to abandon the phonemic principle in favor of a 'narrow' transcription. For example, though two variants or allophones of the voiceless aspiration (h), viz. the voiceless aspirations with velar and labial color (jihvdmimlya and upadhmaniya respectively), were recognized, the signs invented for these gained no permanent foothold in the writing of the language,' and could have been justified in use only in grammatical treatises. Another prominent treatment of allophones is seen in the parts of the grammatical treatises dealing with the varying lengths of consonants in clusters. This too is, on the whole, relegated to its proper place and not obtruded into the writing. There were, however, one or two departures from the phonemic nature of the writing. A typically Indian desire for schematic symmetry no doubt led to the invention of a method of writing a long syllabic lateral (?) which occurs nowhere in the language except in the alphabet. Panini's Sivasaitra (alphabet) was so framed that long vowels are not written in it, and such sfitras as 1.1.3 (iko gunavrddhi) imply, as it is explicitly interpreted by the commentators, that ik, representing the complete list of vowels, includes both short and long vowels. On this basis we need not suppose that Panini set up a phoneme 1 for Sanskrit. That it was included in the alphabet at a time previous to him is undoubtedly due to the misguided strivings of systematizers, and one grammarian prior to