Modulation of cortical activation and behavioral arousal by cholinergic and orexinergic systems
Modulation of cortical activation and behavioral arousal by cholinergic and orexinergic systems
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DOI：
10.1196/annals.1417.026
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发表时间：
2008-01-01
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影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Jones, Barbara E.
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作者：
Jones, Barbara E.
多个神经元系统有助于唤醒状态的促进和维持，其特征在于皮层激活和行为唤醒。主要使用谷氨酸作为神经递质，脑干网状结构内的神经元产生进入前脑的上行投射或进入脊髓的下行投射，以通过中继促进快速皮质活动或具有姿势肌张力的运动活动。使用乙酰胆碱，脑干中的胆碱能神经元投射到前脑中继，基底前脑中的其他神经元投射到皮质，通过皮质，它们在清醒期间和快速眼球运动或异相睡眠（PS）期间刺激快速伽马活动。其他神经调节系统，如去甲肾上腺素能蓝斑神经元，通过大脑和脊髓产生高度弥散的投射，同时刺激皮层激活和行为唤醒。虽然这种神经调节系统被认为是多余的，但最近发现的一种名为食欲素（orexin，Orx）或下丘脑泌素（hypocretin）的肽，包含在下丘脑的弥漫性投射神经元中，被发现对维持肌肉紧张性清醒至关重要，因为在缺乏它的情况下，发作性睡病与cataeprazole发生。Orx神经元在清醒时放电，在睡眠时停止放电。由于胆碱能神经元在清醒和PS期间放电，当食欲素能神经元也活跃时，它们将刺激与肌张力相关的皮质激活，但当食欲素能神经元沉默时，如在自然PS中，或不存在时，如在病理性发作性睡病伴紧张症中，它们将刺激皮质激活伴肌张力缺乏。
Multiple neuronal systems contribute to the promotion and maintenance of the wake state, which is characterized by cortical activation and behavioral arousal. Using predominantly glutamate as a neurotransmitter, neurons within the reticular formation of the brainstem give rise to either ascending projections into the forebrain or descending projections into the spinal cord to promote through relays fast cortical activity or motor activity with postural muscle tone. Using acetylcholine, cholinergic neurons in the brainstem project to forebrain relays and others in the basal forebrain to the cortex, by which they stimulate fast gamma activity during waking and during rapid eye movement or paradoxical sleep (PS). Other neuromodulatory systems, such as noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons, give rise to highly diffuse projections through brain and spinal cord and simultaneously stimulate cortical activation and behavioral arousal. Although such neuromodulatory systems were thought to be redundant, a recently discovered peptide called orexin (Orx) or hypocretin, contained in diffusely projecting neurons of the hypothalamus, was found to be essential for the maintenance of waking with muscle tone, since in its absence narcolepsy with cataplexy occurred. Orx neurons discharge during active waking and cease firing during sleep. Since cholinergic neurons discharge during waking and PS, they would stimulate cortical activation in association with muscle tone when orexinergic neurons are also active but would stimulate cortical activation with muscle atonia when orexinergic neurons are silent, as in natural PS, or absent, as in pathological narcolepsy with cataplexy.