Pathogens and pharmaceuticals in source-separated urine in eThekwini, South Africa
Pathogens and pharmaceuticals in source-separated urine in eThekwini, South Africa
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.022
复制
发表时间：
2015-11-15
期刊：
影响因子：
12.8
通讯作者：
Kohn, Tamar
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bischel, Heather N.;Duygan, Birge D. Oezel;Kohn, Tamar
在南非的eThekwini，正在市政一级评估利用从尿液分流旱厕收集的人尿生产农业肥料的方法，以此帮助为分散的干式卫生系统提供资金。本研究旨在通过评估人类病原体、药物和抗生素耐药基因的存在，评估来源分离尿液（假定被粪便污染）对人类和环境健康的一系列危害。从安装在eThekwini三个地区的尿液储存罐中获得了参加尿液收集试验的家庭的复合尿液样本。聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测针对9种病毒和10种细菌人类病原体通过粪口途径传播。最常检测到的病毒病原体是JC多瘤病毒、轮状病毒和人腺病毒，分别占样本的100%、34%和31%。气单胞菌和志贺氏菌属（Shigella spp.）在94%和61%的样本中，经常检测到革兰氏阴性菌。在72%的样本中发现了革兰氏阳性细菌，产气荚膜梭菌，已知其在尿液中存活时间较长。对尿液中41种微量有机化合物的筛选有助于选择12种优先药物进行进一步评价。在95%和85%的样本中检测到经常用于预防艾滋病毒阳性患者的抗生素磺胺甲恶唑和甲氧苄啶，最高浓度分别达到6800微克/升和1280微克/升。抗逆转录病毒药物恩曲他滨也在40%的尿液样本中检测到。磺胺类抗生素耐药基因（sul 1）检测在100%的尿液样本。通过对eThekwini地理上分散的样本中的病原体和药物进行耦合分析，这项研究揭示了用于肥料生产的尿液中的一系列人类和环境健康危害。收集尿液的好处是可以隔离污染物，使其免于环境排放，并可以在农业应用之前有针对性地处理潜在的健康危害。因此，简要回顾了尿液营养恢复过程中病原体和药物灭活、转化或去除的功效。(C)2015爱思唯尔有限公司版权所有。
In eThekwini, South Africa, the production of agricultural fertilizers from human urine collected from urine-diverting dry toilets is being evaluated at a municipality scale as a way to help finance a decentralized, dry sanitation system. The present study aimed to assess a range of human and environmental health hazards in source-separated urine, which was presumed to be contaminated with feces, by evaluating the presence of human pathogens, pharmaceuticals, and an antibiotic resistance gene. Composite urine samples from households enrolled in a urine collection trial were obtained from urine storage tanks installed in three regions of eThekwini. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays targeted 9 viral and 10 bacterial human pathogens transmitted by the fecal oral route. The most frequently detected viral pathogens were JC polyomavirus, rotavirus, and human adenovirus in 100%, 34% and 31% of samples, respectively. Aeromonas spp. and Shigella spp. were frequently detected gram negative bacteria, in 94% and 61% of samples, respectively. The gram positive bacterium, Clostridium perfringens, which is known to survive for extended times in urine, was found in 72% of samples. A screening of 41 trace organic compounds in the urine facilitated selection of 12 priority pharmaceuticals for further evaluation. The antibiotics sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, which are frequently prescribed as prophylaxis for HIV-positive patients, were detected in 95% and 85% of samples, reaching maximum concentrations of 6800 mu g/L and 1280 mu g/L, respectively. The antiretroviral drug emtricitabine was also detected in 40% of urine samples. A sulfonamide antibiotic resistance gene (sul1) was detected in 100% of urine samples. By coupling analysis of pathogens and pharmaceuticals in geographically dispersed samples in eThekwini, this study reveals a range of human and environmental health hazards in urine intended for fertilizer production. Collection of urine offers the benefit of sequestering contaminants from environmental release and allows for targeted treatment of potential health hazards prior to agricultural application. The efficacy of pathogen and pharmaceutical inactivation, transformation or removal during urine nutrient recovery processes is thus briefly reviewed. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.