Migration of the painted lady butterfly, Vanessa cardui, to north-eastern Spain is aided by African wind currents
Migration of the painted lady butterfly, Vanessa cardui, to north-eastern Spain is aided by African wind currents
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01262.x
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发表时间：
2007-09-01
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Vila, Anna A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Stefanescu, Constanti;Alarcon, Marta;Vila, Anna A.
1.数以千计的迁徙蝴蝶物种的记录，如凡妮莎cardui飞行只是在地面上固定罗盘轴承导致了共同的信念，这些昆虫迁移在所谓的“飞行边界层”，2.考虑到风媒迁移的选择性优势和存在着一些对V. cardui从高层飞行的观察，大气中，我们测试了这一假设，即迁移从北非到南欧在这个物种是受天气尺度的风流.即使有现代技术，直接观察高空飞行也是极其困难的，因此我们依靠间接的方法来检查西班牙东北部的抵达高峰是否与来自非洲的风有关。在加泰罗尼亚蝴蝶监测计划的79个地点确定了春季（1997年3月1日至6月27日）的V. cardui到达。根据天气尺度图、传输模型和春季每天计算的反向轨迹描述了风的模式。我们发现，在整个数据集（1997-2006; chi（2）= 4.7，P = 0.03）和排除物种非常稀少的年份的有限数据集（chi（2）= 7.26，P = 0.007）中，北非的迁移和风之间存在很强的关联。在该物种的飞行边界层内大规模向北迁移的发生也与来自北非的风相吻合，表明低空（观察）和高空飞行（从风的模式推断）之间存在联系。最后，假设V. cardui的迁移是风传播的，源受体运输模型应用于春季丰富的数据在西班牙东北部，使我们能够确定最可能的人口来源地区在北非。
1. Thousands of records of migratory butterfly species such as Vanessa cardui flying just above ground-level on fixed compass bearings have led to the common belief that these insects migrate within the so-called 'flight-boundary layer', where movements are relatively independent of the wind.2.Given the selective advantages of windborne migration and the existence of a number of observations of flights of V. cardui from the upper levels of the atmosphere, we tested the hypothesis that migration from North Africa to southern Europe in this species is influenced by synoptic-scale wind currents.3. Even with modern technology, it is extremely difficult to observe high-altitude flights directly, so we rely on an indirect approach that examines whether or not arrival peaks in north-eastern Spain are associated with winds blowing from Africa.4. Arrivals of V. cardui were determined for the spring period (1 March-27 June, 1997-2006) at 79 sites in the Catalan Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. Wind patterns were described on the basis of synoptic-scale maps, transport models and back-trajectories calculated for each day of the spring period.5. We found a strong association between migration and winds from North Africa, both for the whole data set (1997-2006; chi(2) = 4.7, P = 0.03) and for a restricted data set that excludes years in which the species was very scarce (chi(2) = 7.26, P = 0.007).6. Episodes of massive northward migration within the species' flight-boundary layer also coincided with spells of winds from North Africa, suggesting a connection between low-altitude (observational) and high-altitude flights (inferred from wind patterns).7. Finally, on the assumption that migration in V. cardui is windborne, a source-receptor transport model applied to spring abundance data in north-eastern Spain enables us to identify the most probable population source areas in North Africa.