The psychology of 'regrettable substitutions': Examining consumer judgements of Bisphenol A and its alternatives.
The psychology of 'regrettable substitutions': Examining consumer judgements of Bisphenol A and its alternatives.
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“令人遗憾的替代品”的心理学：检验消费者对双酚 A 及其替代品的判断。
DOI：
10.1080/13698575.2014.969687
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发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Zikmund-Fisher,BrianJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Scherer,LauraD;Maynard,Andrew;Dolinoy,DanaC;Fagerlin,Angela;Zikmund-Fisher,BrianJ
双酚A是一种用于制造某些类型塑料的化学物质，在许多消费品中都有发现。由于科学研究引起了人们对双酚A对人体健康的潜在影响的担忧，双酚A已从一些（但不是全部）产品中去除。然而，许多消费者不知道的是，双酚A经常被其他研究较少的化学物质所取代，而这些化学物质对健康的影响实际上是未知的。这种情况被称为潜在的“令人遗憾的替代”，因为替代材料实际上可能比它所取代的材料更糟糕。令人遗憾的替代是政策制定者普遍关注的问题，它们是现实世界中存在的紧张关系的表现，这种紧张关系可能存在于避免风险的愿望（已知可能发生或可能不会发生的后果）和模棱两可（二阶不确定性）之间，这本身就是令人厌恶的。在这篇文章中，我们以双酚a为例，研究了人们是如何做出这样的权衡的。使用研究1的数据，我们表明人们对这些替代品的偏好是不一致的，这种选择在很大程度上是由不相关的背景因素决定的，比如评估替代品的顺序。使用研究2的数据，我们进一步证明，当人们被告知存在替代化学物质时，将替代产品标记为“不含”双酚A会使他们更有可能选择替代产品，尽管它含糊不清。我们讨论了这些发现与现有心理学理论的相关性，以及它们对风险、政策和健康沟通的影响。
Bisphenol A is a chemical used to make certain types of plastics and is found in numerous consumer products. Because scientific studies have raised concerns about Bisphenol A’s potential impact on human health, it has been removed from some (but not all) products. What many consumers do not know, however, is that Bisphenol A is often replaced with other, less-studied chemicals whose health implications are virtually unknown. This type of situation is known as a potential ‘regrettable substitution’, because the substitute material might actually be worse than the material that it replaces. Regrettable substitutions are a common concern among policymakers, and they are a real-world manifestation of the tension that can exist between the desire to avoid risk (known possible consequences that might or might not occur) and ambiguity (second-order uncertainty), which is itself aversive. In this article, we examine how people make such trade-offs using the example of Bisphenol A. Using data from Study 1, we show that people have inconsistent preferences towards these alternatives and that choice is largely determined by irrelevant contextual factors such as the order in which the alternatives are evaluated. Using data from Study 2, we further demonstrate that when people are informed of the presence of substitute chemicals, labelling the alternative product as ‘free’ of Bisphenol A causes them to be significantly more likely to choose the alternative despite its ambiguity. We discuss the relevance of these findings for extant psychological theories as well as their implications for risk, policy and health communication.