Be Articulate: A pragmatic theory of presupposition projection
Be Articulate: A pragmatic theory of presupposition projection
复制标题
清晰表达：预设投射的实用理论
DOI：
10.1515/thli.2008.013
复制
发表时间：
2008
影响因子：
1.1
通讯作者：
P. Schlenker
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
P. Schlenker
20世纪80年代，S对预设投射的分析促成了语义学的“动态转向”：作为真值条件的意义被作为语境变化潜势的动态概念所取代(Heim1983)。我们探索了另一种方式，即预设投射源于完全经典的语义和两个语用方式原则的结合，即清晰和简洁。Be Arculate是一种可违反的限制，它要求意义pp‘，概念化为涉及前提条件p(它的’预设‘)，应该被表达为…(p和pp‘)…(例如…天在下雨，约翰知道这一点(…)而不是作为…PP‘…。Be Brief是一种排名较高的连词，它不允许第一个元素在语义上空闲的完整连词。特别是，…(p和pp‘)…被Be Brief排除-因此…PP‘…是可以接受的，尽管是清楚的--如果一个人能尽快确定p，并且说出无论句子的结尾如何，这些词都可以在不影响其上下文意义的情况下被删除。两个等价定理保证了这些原理在几乎所有情况下都能得到海姆的结果。与动态语义学不同，我们的分析没有在连接词的意义上编码预设投射中经常发现的左右不对称；相反，我们对这种递增的偏见进行了灵活的分析，这使得我们能够解释一些偏见被覆盖的对称读数(例如，如果浴室不是隐藏的，这座房子就没有浴室)。
Abstract In the 1980's, the analysis of presupposition projection contributed to a ‘dynamic turn’ in semantics: the classical notion of meanings as truth conditions was replaced with a dynamic notion of meanings as Context Change Potentials (Heim 1983). We explore an alternative in which presupposition projection follows from the combination of a fully classical semantics with two pragmatic principles of manner, Be Articulate and Be Brief. Be Articulate is a violable constraint which requires that a meaning pp′, conceptualized as involving a pre-condition p (its ‘presupposition’), should be articulated as … (p and pp′) … (e.g. … it is raining and John knows it …) rather than as … pp′ …. Be Brief, which is more highly ranked than Be Articulate, disallows a full conjunction whose first element is semantically idle. In particular, … (p and pp′) … is ruled out by Be Brief – and hence … pp′ … is acceptable despite Be Articulate – if one can determine as soon as p and is uttered that no matter how the sentence ends these words could be eliminated without affecting its contextual meaning. Two equivalence theorems guarantee that these principles derive Heim's results in almost all cases. Unlike dynamic semantics, our analysis does not encode in the meaning of connectives the left-right asymmetry which is often found in presupposition projection; instead, we give a flexible analysis of this incremental bias, which allows us to account for some ‘symmetric readings’ in which the bias is overridden (e.g. If the bathroom is not hidden, this house has no bathroom).