The Coasts and Their Costs
The Coasts and Their Costs
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海岸及其成本
DOI：
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. B. Gallego
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
O. Pérez;M. L. Martínez;Debora Lithgow;Gabriela Mendoza;R. Feagin;J. B. Gallego
世界各地的沙滩和沿海沙丘都受到了人类入侵的威胁，随着它们的消失，它们提供的生态系统服务也受到了威胁。由于很少评估生态系统服务的经济价值，海滩和沿海沙丘退化或破坏的生态和社会经济后果在很大程度上仍不清楚。我们进行了密集的文献回顾，发现只有18项研究对海滩和沿海沙丘的生态系统服务进行了分析，并计算了它们的经济价值。娱乐、文化和美学生态系统服务是研究最广泛、价值最高的服务。保护也被研究过，但令人惊讶的是，这种由社会分配的生态系统服务的经济价值较小。修复沿海沙丘正成为一项日益必要和日益昂贵的活动。修复行动涉及的活动相当多样，尽管有三个目标：恢复自然动态、娱乐/美学和保护。移除不需要的植被似乎是最昂贵的恢复活动之一。目前海滩和沿海沙丘发展趋势中的矛盾之处在于，海岸被过度开发，但这样做，我们最珍视的生态系统服务和驱动开发趋势(娱乐、美观和保护)的生态系统服务退化或丧失。这种死胡同的情况是决策过程中没有考虑生态系统服务，一些生态系统服务被过度开发而其他生态系统服务被忽视的结果。有证据表明，在投资沿海沙丘恢复之前，自然生态系统应该保持其自身的完整性，并为社会提供额外的好处。在经济、社会和生态方面，与退化后恢复相比，保护是更好的选择。
Sandy beaches and coastal dunes throughout the world are threatened by human encroachment, and as they are lost, so are the ecosystem services provided by them. Because the economic value of ecosystem services has seldom been assessed, the ecological and socioeconomic consequences of the degradation or destruction of beaches and coastal dunes remain largely unknown. We performed an intensive literature review and found only 18 studies in which ecosystem services from the beach and coastal dunes had been analyzed and their economic value calculated. Recreation, cultural, and aesthetic ecosystem services were those most widely studied and with the highest values. Protection has also been studied, but, surprisingly, the economic value of this ecosystem service assigned by society was smaller. Restoration of coastal dunes is becoming an increasingly necessary and increasingly expensive activity. The activities involved in restoration actions are quite diverse, although there are three goals: restoring natural dynamics, recreational/aesthetic, and protective. Removal of unwanted vegetation seems to be amongst the most expensive restoration activities. The paradox in current development trends on beaches and coastal dunes is that the coasts are over-exploited, but, by doing this, the ecosystem services that we value the most and that drive exploitation trends (recreation, aesthetic, and protection) are degraded or lost. This dead-end situation is the result of ecosystem services not being considered in the decision-making process, and a few ecosystem services being over-exploited while others are ignored. Evidence shows that, before investing in coastal dune restoration, natural ecosystems should be preserved in their own integrity, with the additional benefits that they provide to society. Economically, socially, and ecologically, conservation is a better choice than degradation followed by restoration.