Psychomotor-stimulant sensitization: a unitary phenomenon?
Psychomotor-stimulant sensitization: a unitary phenomenon?
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精神运动刺激敏化：单一现象？
DOI：
10.1097/00008877-199308000-00007
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发表时间：
1993
影响因子：
1.6
通讯作者：
K. Leeb
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Wise;K. Leeb
用精神运动兴奋剂或阿片类药物反复间歇治疗可使动物对这些药物的运动激活作用敏感。尽管这种敏化可能对理解成瘾、精神疾病和记忆的细胞基础具有重要意义，但其机制仍然只有部分被了解。精神运动刺激敏化可导致中脑边缘多巴胺系统对这些药物和各种应激源的反应发生相对永久性的变化，但该过程并不依赖于多巴胺能神经元的简单激活。精神运动敏化可以通过直接（阿扑吗啡、溴隐亭）和间接（安非他明、可卡因）多巴胺激动剂产生，抑制多巴胺能神经元的放电，从而减少冲动依赖性多巴胺的释放。此外，一些引起多巴胺能激活和多巴胺（DA）依赖性运动的治疗无法引起强烈的精神运动敏化。虽然伏核注射安非他明会导致 DA 释放并增强运动能力，但它们不会使动物对随后的全身安非他明敏感。另一方面，腹侧被盖注射苯丙胺抑制 DA 系统和 DA 依赖性运动，但仍然使动物对随后的全身苯丙胺治疗敏感。虽然某些药物（可卡因、安非他明、吗啡、海洛因）会使动物彼此交叉过敏，但其他药物（溴隐亭、喹吡罗）会使动物对自身和彼此过敏，但不会对可卡因或海洛因过敏。虽然某些致敏案例涉及环境线索与药物状态的巴甫洛夫关联，但其他案例似乎很大程度上独立于这种条件作用。因此，似乎存在不止一种现象和不止一种精神运动敏化机制。
Repeated intermittent treatment with psychomotor stimulants or opiates sensitizes animals to the locomotor activating effects of these drugs. Whereas such sensitization may have important implications for the understanding of addiction, mental illness, and the cellular basis of memory, its mechanisms remain only partially understood. Psychomotor-stimulant sensitization can result in relatively permanent changes in the response of the mesolimbic dopamine system to these agents and to a variety of stressors, but the process does not depend upon simple activation of dopaminergic neurons. Psychomotor sensitization can be produced by direct (apomorphine, bromocriptine) and indirect (amphetamine, cocaine) dopamine agonists that inhibit the firing of dopaminergic neurons and thus reduce impulse-dependent dopamine release. Moreover, some treatments that cause dopaminergic activation and dopamine (DA)-dependent locomotion fail to cause robust psychomotor sensitization. While nucleus accumbens injections of amphetamine cause DA release and enhanced locomotion, they do not sensitize the animals to subsequent systemic amphetamine. On the other hand, ventral tegmental injections of amphetamine inhibit the DA system and DA-dependent locomotion but none the less sensitize the animal to subsequent systemic amphetamine treatment. While some drugs (cocaine, amphetamine, morphine, heroin) cross-sensitize animals to each other, other drugs (bromocriptine, quinpirole) sensitize animals to themselves and each other but not to cocaine or heroin. While some cases of sensitization involve Pavlovian association of environmental cues with the drug state, others seem largely independent of such conditioning. Thus it appears that there is more than one phenomenon and more than one mechanism of psychomotor sensitization.