Material quantities in building structures and their environmental impact
Material quantities in building structures and their environmental impact
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建筑结构中的材料用量及其对环境的影响
DOI：
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发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Catherine
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Wolf;Catherine
运行能效的提高增加了体现能量在建筑结构整个生命周期中的百分比。尽管人们对这一领域的兴趣与日俱增，但从业者对建筑结构中的材料数量和碳含量缺乏全面的调查。这篇论文回答了一个关键问题：不同结构的体现碳是什么？使用了三种主要技术：(1)审查现有的工具和文献；(2)通过与专家的对话，与全球设计公司网络合作；(3)创建一个不断增长的互动数据库，其中包含数千座建筑的材料效率和具体碳。这篇论文的第一个贡献是定义了以二氧化碳当量(CO2e)表示的建筑物温室气体排放量估算方面的挑战和机遇。分析了两个关键变量：材料量(kgMaterial/m2或kgm/m)和表观碳系数(ECC，以kgCO2e/kgm表示)。主要挑战包括创建共享数据的激励措施、确定准确的ECC以及在保护知识产权的同时解决透明度问题。主要机会包括使用建筑信息模型生成数据，提出区域环境合作伙伴关系，以及勾勒出统一的碳评估方法。第二个贡献是开发了一个互动式在线工具，称为DEQO(具体量产出数据库)，以提供有关建筑物全球变暖潜力的可靠数据(全球变暖潜能值，以kgCO2e/m2衡量，通过将两个关键变量相乘得到)。考虑到长期倡议的需要，提出了一个框架，以创建一个互动的、不断增长的在线数据库，使建筑师、工程师和研究人员能够输入和比较他们的项目。第三个贡献是通过Deqo获得的200栋现有建筑物的调查。这项对建筑结构的调查得出了两个一般性结论：材料数量通常在500至1500公斤/米之间，全球变暖潜能值通常在200至700公斤二氧化碳/米之间。这项调查得出的结论是，医疗保健建筑使用的材料较多，而办公建筑的影响较小。此外，对体育场、桥梁和摩天大楼的具体案例研究表明，设计方法可以对建筑结构的具体化碳产生重大影响。最终，本文能够对建筑结构的环境影响进行基准测试。
Improved operational energy efficiency has increased the percentage of embodied energy in the total life cycle of building structures. Despite a growing interest in this field, practitioners lack a comprehensive survey of material quantities and embodied carbon in building structures. This thesis answers the key question: “What is the embodied carbon of different structures?” Three primary techniques are used: (1) a review of existing tools and literature; (2) a collaboration with a worldwide network of design firms through conversations with experts and (3) the creation of a growing interactive database containing the material efficiency and embodied carbon of thousands of buildings. The first contribution of this thesis is to define challenges and opportunities in estimating greenhouse gas emissions of structures, expressed in carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). Two key variables are analyzed: material quantities (kgmaterial/m 2 or kgm/m ) and Embodied Carbon Coefficients (ECC, expressed in kgCO2e/kgm). The main challenges consist of creating incentives for sharing data, identifying accurate ECCs and resolving transparency while protecting intellectual ownership. The main opportunities include using Building Information Models to generate data, proposing regional ECCs and outlining a unified carbon assessment method. The second contribution is the development of an interactive online tool, called deQo (database of embodied Quantity outputs), to provide reliable data about the Global Warming Potential of buildings (GWP, measured in kgCO2e/m 2 and obtained by multiplying the two key variables). Given the need for a long-term initiative, a framework is offered to create an interactive, growing online database allowing architects, engineers and researchers to input and compare their projects. The third contribution is the survey of 200 existing buildings obtained through deQo. Two general conclusions result from this survey of building structures: material quantities typically range from 500 to 1500 kg/m and the GWP typically ranges between 200 and 700 kgCO2e/m . Conclusions from this survey include that healthcare buildings use more materials whereas office buildings have a lower impact. Additionally, specific case studies on stadia, bridges and skyscrapers demonstrate that the design approach can have a significant impact on the embodied carbon of building structures. Ultimately, this thesis enables benchmarking of the environmental impact of building structures.