INCOME SEGREGATION AND INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY ACROSS COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES
INCOME SEGREGATION AND INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY ACROSS COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES
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DOI：
10.1093/qje/qjaa005
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发表时间：
2020-08-01
影响因子：
13.7
通讯作者：
Yagan, Danny
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Chetty, Raj;Friedman, John N.;Yagan, Danny
我们使用来自税务记录的去识别数据构建了美国每所大学的家长收入和学生收入结果的公开统计数据。这些统计数据表明，各大学之间的父母收入隔离程度非常高，与各社区之间的情况相似。来自低收入家庭和高收入家庭的孩子在大学毕业后的收入差异在同一所大学的学生中要比在不同大学的学生中小得多。收入最好的大学主要招收来自高收入家庭的学生，尽管一些中等公立大学的父母收入水平较低，学生收入较高。将这些收入数据与SAT和ACT分数联系起来，我们模拟了学生分配到大学的变化如何影响隔离和代际流动。以考试成绩为条件，在父母收入群体中统一申请、录取和入学率，将大大减少种族隔离，主要是通过增加中产阶级学生在更有选择性的大学中的代表性。然而，这对精英私立大学的低收入学生比例影响不大，因为来自低收入家庭的学生相对较少，SAT/ACT分数足够高。通过在申请和录取过程中给予低收入和中等收入学生类似于精英私立大学隐性给予传统学生的滑动比例优惠，可以消除大学之间父母收入分配的差异。假设学生收入的观察差异中有80%是由考试成绩、种族和父母收入造成的，这是一个强有力的假设，但与之前的工作一致，这样的变化可能会使大学生的代际收入持续性降低约25%。我们的结论是，即使不改变大学的教育计划，改变学生被分配到大学的方式也可以大大减少种族隔离，增加代际流动性。
We construct publicly available statistics on parents' incomes and students' earnings outcomes for each college in the United States using deidentified data from tax records. These statistics reveal that the degree of parental income segregation across colleges is very high, similar to that across neighborhoods. Differences in postcollege earnings between children from low- and high-income families are much smaller among students who attend the same college than across colleges. Colleges with the best earnings outcomes predominantly enroll students from high-income families, although a few mid-tier public colleges have both low parent income levels and high student earnings. Linking these income data to SAT and ACT scores, we simulate how changes in the allocation of students to colleges affect segregation and intergenerational mobility. Equalizing application, admission, and matriculation rates across parental income groups conditional on test scores would reduce segregation substantially, primarily by increasing the representation of middle-class students at more selective colleges. However, it would have little effect on the fraction of low-income students at elite private colleges because there are relatively few students from low-income families with sufficiently high SAT/ACT scores. Differences in parental income distributions across colleges could be eliminated by giving low- and middle-income students a sliding-scale preference in the application and admissions process similar to that implicitly given to legacy students at elite private colleges. Assuming that 80% of observational differences in students' earnings conditional on test scores, race, and parental income are due to colleges' causal effects-a strong assumption, but one consistent with prior work-such changes could reduce intergenerational income persistence among college students by about 25%. We conclude that changing how students are allocated to colleges could substantially reduce segregation and increase intergenerational mobility, even without changing colleges' educational programs.