Ontogeny of aerodynamics in mallards: comparative performance and developmental implications
Ontogeny of aerodynamics in mallards: comparative performance and developmental implications
复制标题
DOI：
10.1242/jeb.062018
复制
发表时间：
2012-11-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Tobalske, Bret W.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dial, Terry R.;Heers, Ashley M.;Tobalske, Bret W.
在成年鸟类中，翅膀形态与飞行性能和生态相关，但翅膀发育对气动能力的影响尚不清楚。最近对早熟飞禽楚卡鹧鸪（Alectoris chukar）的研究表明，在整个个体发育过程中，升力和阻力的峰值系数（C-L和C-D）和升阻比（C-L: C-D）都在增加，这些模式与羽毛微观结构的变化相对应。为了将这些结果置于包括生活史策略变化在内的比较背景下，我们使用螺旋桨和力板模型研究了一系列发育中的晚飞绿头鸭（Anas platyrhynchos）的空气动力产生。我们在绿头鸭中观察到与chukar相同的趋势，即垂直力（C-V）和水平力（C-H）系数以及C-V: C-H比随着年龄的增长而增加，并且绿头鸭的总翼形态（长径比、弯曲度和孔隙度）的测量不能解释种内力产生的趋势。相反，羽毛微观结构（羽毛展开、羽轴宽度、羽毛不对称和羽小枝重叠）都与C-V: C-H峰呈正相关。在整个个体发育过程中，绿头鸭的初生羽毛在宏观尺度（单个羽毛之间）和微观尺度（倒刺/小枝/倒钩之间）水平上都变得更硬，更少向空气传递。物种间的差异主要表现为气动力发展的非时代性。楚卡翼在早期(
Wing morphology correlates with flight performance and ecology among adult birds, yet the impact of wing development on aerodynamic capacity is not well understood. Recent work using chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar), a precocial flier, indicates that peak coefficients of lift and drag (C-L and C-D) and lift-to-drag ratio (C-L: C-D) increase throughout ontogeny and that these patterns correspond with changes in feather microstructure. To begin to place these results in a comparative context that includes variation in life-history strategy, we used a propeller and force-plate model to study aerodynamic force production across a developmental series of the altricial-flying mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). We observed the same trend in mallards as reported for chukar in that coefficients of vertical (C-V) and horizontal force (C-H) and C-V: C-H ratio increased with age, and that measures of gross-wing morphology (aspect ratio, camber and porosity) in mallards did not account for intraspecific trends in force production. Rather, feather microstructure (feather unfurling, rachis width, feather asymmetry and barbule overlap) all were positively correlated with peak C-V: C-H. Throughout ontogeny, mallard primary feathers became stiffer and less transmissive to air at both macroscale (between individual feathers) and microscale (between barbs/barbules/barbicels) levels. Differences between species were manifest primarily as heterochrony of aerodynamic force development. Chukar wings generated measurable aerodynamic forces early (