Methods for biogeochemical studies of sea ice: The state of the art, caveats, and recommendations
Methods for biogeochemical studies of sea ice: The state of the art, caveats, and recommendations
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DOI：
10.12952/journal.elementa.000038
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发表时间：
2015-01-23
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Zhou, Jiayun
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Miller, Lisa A.;Fripiat, Francois;Zhou, Jiayun
在过去的二十年里，人们认识到海洋的海冰覆盖对气候变化既不敏感，也不是光和物质的屏障，海冰生物地球化学的研究显著加快，汇集了来自不同领域的多学科团体。这种学科多样性为海冰研究提供了广泛的方法技术和方法，使结果的比较和概念和数值模型的发展复杂化，以描述海冰中发生的重要生物地球化学过程。几乎所有与地球系统科学相关的化学元素、化合物和生物地球化学过程都在海冰中进行了测量，现有的方法可用于测定生物量、色素、净群落产量、初级产量、细菌活性、常量营养素、众多天然和人为有机化合物、微量元素、活性气体和惰性气体、硫种、二氧化碳系统参数、稳定同位素以及气体、液体的水-冰-大气通量。和固体。对于大多数这些测量，多种采样和处理技术是可用的，但迄今为止，很少有方法之间的相互比较或相互校准。此外，研究人员收集了不同类型的辅助数据，并以不同的方式记录了他们的样本，进一步混淆了研究之间的比较。海冰的不均匀性使这些问题更加复杂，即使相邻的冰芯也可能具有截然不同的生物地球化学成分。我们建议，在未来的调查中，研究人员根据嵌套采样模式设计他们的程序，收集一套核心的辅助测量，并采用标准的方法进行样本识别和记录。此外，对生物质、初级生产、营养物质、溶解和颗粒有机物质（包括外聚合物）、二氧化碳系统、空气-冰气体通量和气溶胶生产的测量，最需要进行相互校准。我们还鼓励开发足够坚固的原位探测器，以便在海冰中长期部署，特别是用于生物参数，二氧化碳系统和其他气体。
Over the past two decades, with recognition that the ocean's sea-ice cover is neither insensitive to climate change nor a barrier to light and matter, research in sea-ice biogeochemistry has accelerated significantly, bringing together a multi-disciplinary community from a variety of fields. This disciplinary diversity has contributed a wide range of methodological techniques and approaches to sea-ice studies, complicating comparisons of the results and the development of conceptual and numerical models to describe the important biogeochemical processes occurring in sea ice. Almost all chemical elements, compounds, and biogeochemical processes relevant to Earth system science are measured in sea ice, with published methods available for determining biomass, pigments, net community production, primary production, bacterial activity, macronutrients, numerous natural and anthropogenic organic compounds, trace elements, reactive and inert gases, sulfur species, the carbon dioxide system parameters, stable isotopes, and water-ice-atmosphere fluxes of gases, liquids, and solids. For most of these measurements, multiple sampling and processing techniques are available, but to date there has been little intercomparison or intercalibration between methods. In addition, researchers collect different types of ancillary data and document their samples differently, further confounding comparisons between studies. These problems are compounded by the heterogeneity of sea ice, in which even adjacent cores can have dramatically different biogeochemical compositions. We recommend that, in future investigations, researchers design their programs based on nested sampling patterns, collect a core suite of ancillary measurements, and employ a standard approach for sample identification and documentation. In addition, intercalibration exercises are most critically needed for measurements of biomass, primary production, nutrients, dissolved and particulate organic matter (including exopolymers), the CO2 system, air-ice gas fluxes, and aerosol production. We also encourage the development of in situ probes robust enough for long-term deployment in sea ice, particularly for biological parameters, the CO2 system, and other gases.