Progress, challenges and opportunities in fish vaccine development
Progress, challenges and opportunities in fish vaccine development
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DOI：
10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.066
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发表时间：
2019-07-01
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Adams, Alexandra
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Adams, Alexandra
2014年，水产养殖对人类消费食物供应的贡献首次超过了野生鱼类。尽管水产养殖业有所改善，但据估计，高达10%的养殖水生动物因传染病而损失，全球范围内每年损失超过100亿美元。在鱼类养殖中，特别是大西洋鲑鱼，通常使用疫苗预防疾病（萨尔莫salar），而由于缺乏疫苗、性能差或成本，在许多其他鱼类中能力有限（或根本没有）。然而，在过去40年中，鱼类疫苗开发取得了令人印象深刻的进展，目前有24种获得许可的鱼类疫苗可用于各种鱼类。这些疫苗包括全灭活疫苗、肽亚单位疫苗、重组蛋白疫苗、DNA疫苗和减毒活疫苗，然而，由于大多数商业疫苗是通过腹膜内注射施用的灭活全细胞病原体制剂，因此仍然存在挑战。这可能不是递送某些疫苗的最佳途径，但缺乏有效佐剂和关于免疫应答的基本知识阻碍了粘膜疫苗的开发进展。在一些国家，注射鱼的费用也可能过高，导致疾病治疗（例如使用抗生素），而不是使用预防措施。随着该行业在全球范围内的持续发展，这些问题得到解决是很重要的。随着技术成本的不断降低，未来鱼类疫苗的快速发展存在着令人兴奋的机会（例如全基因组测序），法规变化（例如，DNA疫苗现在可以在欧洲获得授权），引入新的抗原表达和递送系统（如病毒样颗粒，VLP），新型佐剂的开发以及阐明粘膜免疫基本机制的进展。开发有效的粘膜疫苗并优化其递送将促进新型疫苗的开发，并使LMIC的水产养殖业能够在未来常规使用疫苗接种。此外，有效使用紧急（自体）疫苗将有助于应对新出现的疾病挑战。
In 2014 the contribution of aquaculture to supply food for human consumption overtook wild-caught fish for the first time. Despite improvements in the aquaculture industry, it has been estimated that as much as 10% of all cultured aquatic animals are lost because of infectious diseases, amounting to > 10 billion USD in losses annually on a global scale.Vaccination to prevent disease is used routinely in finfish aquaculture, especially for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), while in a limited capacity (or not at all) in many other fish species due to lack of vaccines, poor performance or cost. There has, nevertheless, been impressive progress in fish vaccine development over the last 4 decades with 24 licenced fish vaccines now commercially available for use in a variety of fish species. These comprise whole killed, peptide subunit, recombinant protein, DNA and live attenuated vaccines.Challenges do, however, still exist as the majority of commercial vaccines are killed whole cell pathogen preparations administered by intraperitoneal injection. This may not be the optimal route to deliver some vaccines, but lack of effective adjuvants and basic knowledge on immune response has hindered progress in the development of mucosal vaccines. The cost of injecting fish may also be prohibitive in some countries leading to disease treatment (e.g. with antibiotics) rather than using preventative measures. It is important that these issues are addressed as the industry continues to grow globally.Exciting opportunities exist for rapid development of fish vaccines in the future, with continued reduction in cost of technologies (e.g. of whole genome sequencing), regulations changing (e.g. DNA vaccines can now authorised in Europe), the introduction of novel antigen expression and delivery systems (such as virus-like particles, VLPs), development of novel adjuvants and advancements in the elucidation of basic mechanisms of mucosal immunity. Development of effective mucosal vaccines and optimisation of their delivery will facilitate novel vaccine development, and enable the aquaculture industries in LMIC to use vaccination routinely in the future. In addition, effective use of emergency (autogenous) vaccines will assist in tackling emerging disease challenges.