Wax On, Wax Off! Habits, Sport Skills, and Motor Intentionality
Wax On, Wax Off! Habits, Sport Skills, and Motor Intentionality
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DOI：
10.1007/s11245-020-09720-3
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发表时间：
2020-11-20
影响因子：
1.4
通讯作者：
Ilundain-Agurruza, Jesus
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Cappuccio, Massimiliano Lorenzo;Miyahara, Katsunori;Ilundain-Agurruza, Jesus
习惯形成在运动技能的发展中起什么作用？我们认为，运动习惯对于感觉运动技能既是必要的，也是其构成部分，因为它们支持一种自动的，但本质上是智能且灵活的动作控制形式。关于技能的理智主义者通常认为，使动作具有智能性和灵活性的是其意向性，而且意向性在本质上必须是认知性的，以便能够进行深思熟虑和明确的目标表征。与理智主义相反，我们认为构成熟练动作的习惯性行为伴随着其特定的、非认知形式的意向性：这就是运动意向性，它具有目的性和适应性，但不涉及明确的思考或目标表征。我们基于运动意向性对习惯的解释说明了为什么运动习惯的形成有时可以作为熟练掌握技能的唯一基础：运动意向性本身是有目的的，因为它是感觉运动预期、前反思性动机和实用技能的具身来源。通过练习进行的技能发展总是建立在运动意向性成分的基础上，即使它是由刻意练习所引导的，以至于与理智主义不同的是，刻意练习是由习惯形成所揭示的，而不是受其限制的。正如重复性练习在灵活且智能的运动技能发展中可以发挥重要作用这一事实所表明的，自动化对于策略控制和即兴发挥不是一种缺陷，而是它们的实用基础。
What role does habit formation play in the development of sport skills? We argue that motor habits are both necessary for and constitutive of sensorimotor skill as they support an automatic, yet inherently intelligent and flexible, form of action control. Intellectualists about skills generally assume that what makes action intelligent and flexible is its intentionality, and that intentionality must be necessarily cognitive in nature to allow for both deliberation and explicit goal-representation. Against Intellectualism we argue that the habitual behaviours that compose skilful action are accompanied by their specific, non-cognitive form of intentionality: this is motor intentionality, which is purposive and adaptive while involving no explicit deliberation or goal representation. Our account of habit based on Motor Intentionality explains why the formation of motor habits can sometimes act as the sole basis of skilful acquisition: Motor Intentionality is inherently purposeful because it is an embodied source of sensorimotor anticipation, pre-reflective motivation, and pragmatic know-how. Skill development through exercise always builds on a motor intentional component even when it is guided by Deliberate Practice to the point that, pace Intellectualism, Deliberate Practice is disclosed, not constrained, by habit formation. As suggested by the fact that repetitive exercises can play a major role in the development of flexible and intelligent sport skills, automatism is not a drawback for strategic control and improvisation but rather their pragmatic foundation.