Using Geographic Information to Analyze Wildland Firefighter Situational Awareness: Impacts of Spatial Resolution on Visibility Assessment
Using Geographic Information to Analyze Wildland Firefighter Situational Awareness: Impacts of Spatial Resolution on Visibility Assessment
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DOI：
10.3390/fire5050151
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发表时间：
2022-09
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
K. Mistick;P. Dennison;Michael J. Campbell;Matthew P. Thompson
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文献类型：
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作者：
K. Mistick;P. Dennison;Michael J. Campbell;Matthew P. Thompson
野外消防员必须能够保持态势感知，以确保他们的安全。船员，包括了望员和船员建筑手线，依靠能见度来评估风险和沟通不断变化的情况。地理信息系统和遥感提供了利用结合地形和植被高度的模型描述能见度的潜在解决办法。可见性可以使用视域算法进行评估，虽然以前的研究已经证明了这些算法在多个领域的实用性，但它们在荒地消防员安全方面的应用还有待探索。本研究的目标是开发一种方法来评估在手持水平的可见性，量化空间分辨率对激光雷达驱动的可见性分析的影响，并展示了一组空间指标，可用于通知手持安全。高程模型来自机载激光雷达在不同的空间分辨率和来自LANDFIRE，美国范围内的30米的产品。较粗的分辨率输入高估了能见度高达223%，而最精细的分辨率输入由于极端的处理时间而不实用。冠层覆盖度和坡度与能见度有很强的线性关系，R2值分别为0.806和0.718。可见性分析，在适当的空间分辨率进行时，可以提供有用的信息，告知在荒地火灾情况下的态势感知。在参与火灾之前评估手持线级别的态势感知可以帮助消防员评估潜在的安全风险，并更有效地规划手持线。
Wildland firefighters must be able to maintain situational awareness to ensure their safety. Crew members, including lookouts and crew building handlines, rely on visibility to assess risk and communicate changing conditions. Geographic information systems and remote sensing offer potential solutions for characterizing visibility using models incorporating terrain and vegetation height. Visibility can be assessed using viewshed algorithms, and while previous research has demonstrated the utility of these algorithms across multiple fields, their use in wildland firefighter safety has yet to be explored. The goals of this study were to develop an approach for assessing visibility at the handline level, quantify the effects of spatial resolution on a lidar-driven visibility analysis, and demonstrate a set of spatial metrics that can be used to inform handline safety. Comparisons were made between elevation models derived from airborne lidar at varying spatial resolutions and those derived from LANDFIRE, a US-wide 30 m product. Coarser resolution inputs overestimated visibility by as much as 223%, while the finest-scale resolution input was not practical due to extreme processing times. Canopy cover and slope had strong linear relationships with visibility, with R2 values of 0.806 and 0.718, respectively. Visibility analyses, when conducted at an appropriate spatial resolution, can provide useful information to inform situational awareness in a wildland fire context. Evaluating situational awareness at the handline level prior to engaging a fire may help firefighters evaluate potential safety risks and more effectively plan handlines.