Use and Impact of Bt Maize-猫眼课题宝

Bt 玉米的使用和影响

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2012

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R. Hellmich;Kristian Allyse Hellmich

大多数人都熟悉菜园里饥饿的毛毛虫或食品储藏室里难以捉摸的甲虫，与这些不受欢迎的害虫斗争是一个长期存在的问题。自从人类开始耕作以来，他们就与昆虫分享部分收获。玉米（Zea mays）（玉米）的种植者受到许多害虫的挑战，但最重要的是鳞翅目幼虫（即，毛虫），它们是蛀茎虫、穗食或食叶虫，以及鞘翅目幼虫（即，甲虫幼虫）吃根。例如，欧洲玉米螟Ostrinia nubilalis被昵称为“十亿美元的虫子”，因为它每年花费种植者超过十亿美元的杀虫剂和损失的作物产量（图1）。大多数玉米种植者依靠传统的作物保护做法来管理这些昆虫，包括文化，生物或化学（杀虫剂）方法或这些方法的平衡，旨在最大限度地减少对环境的影响，称为综合害虫管理（IPM）（Hellmich等人，2008）。然而，在1996年，美国种植者被引入到商业玉米，这是基因工程（GE）与抗欧洲玉米螟和其他鳞翅目玉米害虫。2003年引进了另一种转基因玉米，它可以杀死玉米根虫幼虫（甲虫幼虫），特别是另一种“十亿美元的虫子”--西方玉米根虫（Diabrotica virgifera virgifera）的幼虫（图2）。这些转基因植物产生晶体（Cry）蛋白或来自土壤细菌苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bt）的毒素，因此俗称“Bt玉米”。Bt玉米在许多国家彻底改变了害虫控制，但其使用和影响仍存在问题。本文将重点介绍Bt玉米带来的机遇和挑战，因为它们与当前的抗虫产品有关。农学与作物科学|生物学|昆虫学评论这篇文章来自自然教育知识，3（2012）; 4。权利美国政府雇员作为其公务的一部分制作的作品在美国境内不受版权保护。本文档的内容不受版权保护。这篇文章可在爱荷华州州立大学数字存储库中找到：http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ent_pubs/161

Most people are familiar with the hungry caterpillar in the vegetable garden or the elusive beetle in the pantry, and contending with these unwelcomed pests is a longstanding problem. Ever since humans started farming they have shared part of their harvest with insects. Growers of maize, Zea mays(corn), are challenged with a number of pests, but the most important are lepidopteran larvae (i.e., caterpillars) that are stalk borers, ear or leaf feeders, and coleopteran larvae (i.e., beetle grubs) that feed on roots. The European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, for example, was nicknamed the "billion dollar bug" because it cost growers over a billion dollars annually in insecticides and lost crop yields (Figure 1). Most maize growers rely on traditional crop protection practices to manage these insects, including cultural, biological or chemical (insecticide) methods or a balance of these methods that aims to minimize environmental impact called integrated pest management (IPM) (Hellmich et al. 2008). However, in 1996 USA growers were introduced to commercial maize that was genetically engineered (GE) with resistance to European corn borer and other lepidopteran maize pests. In 2003 another GE maize was introduced that killed corn rootworm larvae (beetle grubs), especially larvae of the western corn rootworm,Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, another "billion dollar bug" (Figure 2). These GE plants produce crystal (Cry) proteins or toxins derived from the soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), hence the common name "Bt maize". Bt maize has revolutionized pest control in a number of countries, but there still are questions about its use and impact. This article will focus on the opportunities and challenges presented by Bt maize as they relate to current insect-resistant products. Disciplines Agronomy and Crop Sciences | Biology | Entomology Comments This article is from Nature Education Knowledge, 3 (2012); 4. Rights Works produced by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the U.S. The content of this document is not copyrighted. This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ent_pubs/161

Use and Impact of Bt Maize

Bt 玉米的使用和影响

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