Echinoderms: Hierarchically Organized Light Weight Skeletons
Echinoderms: Hierarchically Organized Light Weight Skeletons
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DOI：
10.1007/978-94-017-9398-8_8
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发表时间：
2015-01-01
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Toetzke, Christian
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文献类型：
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作者：
Nebelsick, James H.;Dynowski, Janina F.;Toetzke, Christian
棘皮动物骨骼是在从完整生物体到超微结构水平的层次框架内描述的。它们由许多元件组成，这些元件可以被隔离、通过软组织连接或在刚性结构中锁定在一起。顶层将骨骼视为一个整体，具有所有相关元素以及棘皮动物的基本对称性。下一个级别涉及海胆在日冕生长参数和应力抵抗方面的结构分析和建模。人们还研究了近代海百合和化石海百合的茎和臂的灵活性和运动性。下一个层次涉及在单个骨骼元素中发现的复杂形态和对称类型。在所有棘皮动物的元素中发现的多种类型的立体结构与特定功能高度相关。最近的大量研究关注超微结构和生物矿化的最后一个层次。骨架的轻量化方面尤其体现在连体板、单个元件和立体体的水平上。
Echinoderm skeletons are described within a hierarchical framework ranging from complete organisms to the ultrastructural level. They consist of numerous elements which can be isolated, connected by soft tissue or locked together in rigid structures. The top level considers skeletons as a whole with all associated elements and the basic symmetry of the echinoderms. The next level deals with the structural analysis and modeling of echinoids with respect to the growth parameters and stress resistance of the corona. The flexibility and movement has also been studied for the stalks and arms of recent and fossil crinoids. The next level deals with the elaborate morphology and types of symmetry found in single skeletal elements. The numerous types of stereom architectures found within the elements of all echinoderms are highly correlated to specific functions. A high number of recent studies concern the last hierarchical level on ultrastructure and biomineralization. Lightweight aspects of the skeleton are especially present at the level of conjoined plates, single elements and the stereom.