Institutionalizing Deliberative Democracy: the ‘Tuscany laboratory’
Institutionalizing Deliberative Democracy: the ‘Tuscany laboratory’
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协商民主制度化：“托斯卡纳实验室”
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发表时间：
2013
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通讯作者：
R. Lewanski
中科院分区：
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作者：
R. Lewanski
虽然审议理论已经吸引了越来越多的关注，但一个尚未得到充分考虑的相关问题是它是否应该制度化（Fung et al. 2005），以及如何做到这一点。虽然有许多成功的“一次性”协商参与的经验，但很少有制度化作为一种常规做法的例子。这就提出了若干问题，包括审议进程与代表机构和进程的关系。与其他发达国家相比，意大利传统上在公众参与实践的应用方面并不领先。然而，近年来，几个地区行政当局已冒险进入这一领域。2007年底，托斯卡纳地区通过了第69号法律，确定了《促进参与制定地区和地方政策的规则》，这是一项创新的法律的规定，明确旨在积极促进公民参与地方和地区决策。这部法律通过纳入明确源自审议理论的特征，使公民参与制度化，即公民和利益攸关方通过群体对话参与有关公共利益问题的决策。托斯卡纳已经成为一个卓越的“实验室”，它可以从经验上检验真实的世界中协商参与的有效性，验证其制度化的效果和可能的好处，并应用一种特定的模式，使代议制政府和微型公众共存（并成为互补和相互加强）。这个实验室的结果将对那些对这种民主创新感兴趣的学者、实践者和政治家有意义。第69/07号法律很可能会在意大利和国际上为托斯卡纳边境以外的公民参与提供信息。对该法所采取的方法进行分析，可以提供一个机会，思考当局如何积极促进公民参与并使之制度化。本文件审查了该法的推动力以及该法本身设计过程中的参与过程;说明了该法的目标以及如何将这些目标落实为法律的规定，并特别关注行政部门的作用（包括一个特设的独立机构）;它突出了该法的审议特点;最后，它提供了一个初步的讨论结果的法律-无论是成功的和不太如此-在其前三年的存在。
Although deliberative theory has attracted increasing attention from many quarters, a relevant question that has not yet received adequate consideration is whether it should be institutionalized (Fung et al. 2005), and how that might be done. Although there have been many successful ‘one shot’ experiences of deliberative participation, there are few examples of institutionalization as a routine practice. This raises several issues including the relationship of deliberative processes with representative institutions and processes. Compared with other developed nations, Italy has not traditionally been a leader in the application of public participation practices. However, several regional administrations have ventured into this field in recent years. At the end of 2007 the Region of Tuscany passed Law no. 69 defining Rules on the Promotion of Participation in the Formulation of Regional and Local Policies, an innovative legal provision explicitly aimed at pro-actively promoting citizen engagement in local and regional decision making. This law, by incorporating features explicitly derived from deliberative theory, institutionalizes citizen participation; that is, the involvement through group dialogue of citizens and stakeholders in decision-making about issues or problems of public interest. Tuscany has become a remarkable ‘laboratory’ for empirically testing the validity of deliberative participation in the real world, for verifying the effects and possible benefits of its institutionalization, and for applying a specific model which enables representative government and mini-publics to co-exist (and to become complementary and mutually reinforcing). The results from this laboratory will be of relevance to scholars, practitioners and politicians who are interested in such democratic innovations. Law no. 69/07 might well inform the uptake of citizen engagement well beyond Tuscan borders, both in Italy and internationally. An analysis of the approach adopted by the Law offers an opportunity to reflect on how authorities might go about actively promoting and institutionalizing citizen participation. This paper examines the impetus for the Law and the participatory process through which the Law itself was designed; it illustrates the goals of the Law and how these have been operationalized into legal provisions, with specific attention to the role of the administrations (including an ad hoc independent Authority) who were entrusted with the implementation of the Law; it highlights the deliberative features of the Law; and finally it offers a preliminary discussion of the outcomes of the Law – both successful and less so – during its first three years of existence.