Sphingolipid Transport: Rafts and Translocators*
Sphingolipid Transport: Rafts and Translocators*
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鞘脂运输：筏和易位器*
DOI：
10.1074/jbc.r200010200
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发表时间：
2002
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Quirine Lisman
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
G. van Meer;Quirine Lisman
直到大约15年前，鞘脂通常被认为通过形成质膜脂质双层的机械稳定和化学抗性的外小叶来保护细胞表面免受环境中的有害因素的影响。此外，发现复杂的鞘糖脂参与识别和信号传导等特定功能（1）。尽管第一个特征将取决于鞘脂的物理性质，但信号传导功能涉及鞘糖脂上的复杂聚糖结构与邻近细胞上的类似脂质或与蛋白质的特异性相互作用。从那时起，两项发现彻底改变了该领域。(i)已发现简单的鞘脂代谢物，如神经酰胺和1-磷酸鞘氨醇，是细胞凋亡、增殖和应激反应信号级联的重要介质（Hannun和Obeid（66）以及Spiegel和Milstien（67）的综述）。(ii)已经认识到，基于神经酰胺的脂质在细胞膜中自聚集以形成分离相，该分离相比基于二酰基甘油的大量液体无序磷脂的流体性（液体有序性）低。基于鞘脂的微区或“筏”最初被提出用于沿着膜转运的细胞途径沿着分选膜蛋白（2）。目前，最令人兴奋的是它们在信号转导中的组织功能（3）。鞘脂在ER 1和高尔基体中合成，但在质膜和内体中富集，在那里它们执行许多功能。因此，鞘脂在细胞器之间移动。转运通过转运囊泡和通过单体转运通过胞质溶胶发生。此外，一些鞘脂有效地跨细胞膜转运。从鞘脂在细胞中的不均匀分布可以清楚地看出，这种转运不是随机的;鞘脂实际上不存在于线粒体和ER中，但占质膜脂质的20 - 35 mol %（表I）。此外，鞘脂的信号池不会与生物合成和降解池自由混合（Hannun和Obeid（66）、梅里尔（68）以及Spiegel和Milstien（67）的综述）。鞘脂转运的特异性是本综述的主题。
Until some 15 years ago, sphingolipids were generally believed to protect the cell surface against harmful factors in the environment by forming a mechanically stable and chemically resistant outer leaflet of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer. Furthermore, complex glycosphingolipids were found to be involved in specific functions like recognition and signaling (1). Whereas the first feature would depend on physical properties of the sphingolipids, the signaling functions involve specific interactions of the complex glycan structures on the glycosphingolipids with similar lipids on neighboring cells or with proteins. Since then, two findings have revolutionized the field. (i) Simple sphingolipid metabolites, like ceramide and sphingosine 1-phosphate, have been found to be important mediators in signaling cascades of apoptosis, proliferation, and stress responses (reviews by Hannun and Obeid (66) and Spiegel and Milstien (67)). (ii) It has been realized that ceramidebased lipids self-aggregate in cellular membranes to form a separate phase that is less fluid (liquid-ordered) than the bulk liquid-disordered phospholipids based on diacylglycerol. Sphingolipid-based microdomains or “rafts” were originally proposed to sort membrane proteins along the cellular pathways of membrane transport (2). Presently, most excitement focuses on their organizing functions in signal transduction (3). Sphingolipids are synthesized in the ER 1 and the Golgi but are enriched in plasma membrane and endosomes where they perform many of their functions. Thus, sphingolipids travel between organelles. Transport occurs via transport vesicles and via monomeric transport through the cytosol. Furthermore, some sphingolipids efficiently translocate across cellular membranes. That transport is not random is clear from the heterogeneous distribution of sphingolipids over the cell; sphingolipids are virtually absent from mitochondria and the ER but constitute 20 –35 mol % of the plasma membrane lipids (Table I). Furthermore, signaling pools of sphingolipids do not freely mix with pools of biosynthesis and degradation (reviews by Hannun and Obeid (66), Merrill (68), and Spiegel and Milstien (67)). The specificity in sphingolipid transport is the topic of the present review.
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影响因子：
3.3
作者：
MAYOR, S;MAXFIELD, FR
通讯作者：
MAXFIELD, FR
DOI：
--
发表时间：
1989-03
期刊：
The Journal of biological chemistry
影响因子：
--
作者：
Y. Lange;M. Swaisgood;B. Ramos;T. Steck
通讯作者：
Y. Lange;M. Swaisgood;B. Ramos;T. Steck
在过度表达磷脂酰肌醇转移蛋白β的 NIH3T3 细胞中，鞘磷脂酶降解后质膜中的鞘磷脂快速补充。
DOI：
10.1042/0264-6021:3460537
发表时间：
2000
期刊：
The Biochemical journal
影响因子：
--
作者：
VanTiel,CM;Luberto,C;Snoek,GT;Hannun,YA;Wirtz,KW
通讯作者：
Wirtz,KW
通过非高尔基体途径将新合成的葡萄糖神经酰胺转运至质膜。
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.91.7.2708
发表时间：
1994
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Warnock,DE;Lutz,MS;Blackburn,WA;YoungJr,WW;Baenziger,JU
通讯作者：
Baenziger,JU