Elasticity and movements of the cockroach tarsus in walking
Elasticity and movements of the cockroach tarsus in walking
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DOI：
10.1007/s003590050374
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发表时间：
1999-08-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Zill, SN
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Frazier, SF;Larsen, GS;Zill, SN
解剖学，运动学和消融的研究进行评估弹性的贡献，在使用蟑螂跗骨（脚）在行走。远侧跗骨（爪和软骨）在行走的站立阶段通过单个肌肉（牵开器甲）的作用与基底接合。运动学和消融研究表明，跗骨分离发生在立场结束时，部分通过弹性元件的作用在倒数第二跗骨关节。在离体腿中，当从接合位置释放时，该关节表现出非常快速（持续时间小于20 ms）的回缩至伸展，并且在移除牵开器肌腱（趾端）后回缩甚至更快（小于10 ms）。关节还具有增大的表皮髁，其是韧带和关节膜的附件，其中一些满足与弹性蛋白弹性蛋白的存在一致的形态学标准。关节移位产生的恢复力的测量表明，它们是分级的，但可以很容易地解除远端跗骨的质量。这种生物力学设计可以促进有效地使用跗骨行走，同时仅由单一肌肉主动控制，并且当蟑螂非常快速地穿越不规则地形时也可能非常有利。
Anatomical, kinematic and ablation studies were performed to evaluate the contribution of elasticity in use of the cockroach tarsus (foot) in walking. The distal tarsus (claws and arolium) engages the substrate during the stance phase of walking by the action of a single muscle, the retractor unguis. Kinematic and ablation studies demonstrated that tarsal disengagement occurs at the end of stance, in part via the action of elastic elements at the penultimate tarsal joint. In isolated legs, this joint exhibits very rapid (less than 20 ms duration) recoil to extension when released from the engaged position, and recoil is even more rapid (less than 10 ms) after removal of the retractor tendon (apodeme). The joint also possesses an enlarged cuticular condyle which is the attachment for ligaments and articular membranes, some of which fulfill morphological criteria consistent with the presence of the elastic protein resilin. Measurements of restoring forces generated by joint displacement indicate that they are graded but could readily lift the mass of the distal tarsus. This biomechanical design can facilitate efficient use of the tarsus in walking while under active control by only a single muscle and may also be highly advantageous when cockroaches very rapidly traverse irregular terrain.