A checklist for making good choices in trying - or tranquil - times.
A checklist for making good choices in trying - or tranquil - times.
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一份清单，帮助您在艰难或平静的时期做出正确的选择。
DOI：
10.1136/ewjm.174.1.41
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发表时间：
2001
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
L. Clever
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
L. Clever
海军上将詹姆斯·斯托克代尔在越南战争结束很久之后做出了这一令人惊讶的断言，在越南战争期间，他是被关押时间最长、级别最高的美国囚犯。在臭名昭著的“河内希尔顿”被审讯和折磨了7年，他靠勇气、信仰、正直和爱比克泰德活了下来。公元世纪，罗马的斯多葛学派哲学家爱比克泰德成为斯托克代尔的磁石。在斯坦福大学的人文课程中，斯托克代尔吸收了爱比克泰德关于奴隶如何超越主人的建议。这个建议帮助斯托克代尔在囚禁中幸存下来。在战争结束多年后的一个阳光明媚的星期六下午，我看到斯托克代尔海军上将大步穿过斯坦福大学校园，他站得笔直，但膝盖因被囚禁者多次骨折而一瘸一拐。他告诉我，他对爱比克泰德一直很感兴趣，并发表了一个有趣而违反直觉的评论，即恐惧是一种选择。严重的恐惧可能不是自愿的。我们都知道我们的肚子，脖子刺痛的恐惧。它可能很有价值。它可以提高我们的警觉性和调动我们的资源。这种恐惧可能是一种反射，根深蒂固的年龄。对一些人来说，更长期的恐惧倾向也可能在他们的DNA中盘绕。恐惧可能是生活的一部分，开始在虐待或生活有未稀释的麻烦与太少的恢复时间。但斯托克代尔看到了恐惧的滥用。他学会了如何成为背叛朋友或泄露秘密的借口。我们也可以看到恐惧的长期影响。例如，它产生了许多谣言，在医院周围叫嚣。生活在恐惧中也会导致关系破裂，绝望的决定，围攻心态和侵蚀的价值观。
Admiral James Stockdale made this surprising assertion long after the Vietnam War, during which he had been the longest held, highest ranking American prisoner. Interrogated and tortured for 7 years in the infamous “Hanoi Hilton,” he survived on courage, faith, integrity, and Epictetus. Epictetus, the 1st century CE Stoic philosopher of Rome, became Stockdale’s lodestone. During midcareer humanities courses at Stanford, Stockdale absorbed Epictetus’s advice on ways that a slave can gain ascendency over the master. This advice helped Stockdale to survive captivity.On a sunny Saturday afternoon years after the war, I saw Admiral Stockdale striding across the Stanford campus, erect but limping from a knee fused after repeated fractures by his captors. He told me of his continued interest in Epictetus and made the intriguing and counterintuitive comment that fear is a choice. Acute fear may not be voluntary. We have all known pit-of-our-stomach, neck-prickling fear. It can be valuable. It can heighten our alertness and mobilize our resources. This kind of fear may be a reflex, ingrained over the ages. For some, a more chronic tendency to fearfulness may also be coiled in their DNA. Fear may be part of lives that start in abuse or lives that have had undiluted trouble with too little recovery time. But Stockdale saw the misuse of fear. He learned how it could be an excuse to betray a buddy or spill a secret. We, too, can see the long-term effects of fear. For example, it spawns many rumors that clamor around hospitals. Living in fear can also lead to blighted relationships, desperate decisions, a siege mentality, and eroded values.