Socioeconomic status and executive function: developmental trajectories and mediation
Socioeconomic status and executive function: developmental trajectories and mediation
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DOI：
10.1111/desc.12246
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发表时间：
2015-09-01
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Farah, Martha J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hackman, Daniel A.;Gallop, Robert;Farah, Martha J.
儿童社会经济地位(SES)预测执行功能(EF)，但这种关系的基本方面仍不清楚：SES差异的发展过程，在此过程中对SES变化的持续敏感性，以及SES-EF关系的童年经验特征。当然，如果在给定的恒定的社会经济水平上累积应激源，那么早期的差异在发育过程中预计会扩大。或者，如果学校教育在一定程度上补偿了早先被剥夺的影响，让社会保障水平较低的孩子“迎头赶上”，那么他们的收入就会缩小。儿童后期SES改变影响EF的可能性也是未知的。关于调解因素，以前的分析得出了不同的答案，可能是由于候选调解人之间的相关性。我们通过测量SES、工作记忆和计划，以及来自NICHD早期儿童保育研究(n=1009)的多个候选中介来解决这些问题。早期家庭收入与需求之比和母亲的教育程度预测了一年级时的计划，而收入与需求之比预测了54个月后的工作记忆表现。早期SES的影响在整个儿童期保持一致，表明SES的早期指标与EF之间的关系在儿童时期就出现了，并在儿童早期和中期持续存在，没有缩小或扩大。家庭收入与需求之比的变化与规划的重大变化和工作记忆的趋势水平变化有关。中介分析支持幼儿家庭特征在解释SES和EF之间的联系方面的作用，而幼儿时期母亲的敏感性具体涉及到母亲教育和规划之间的联系。因此，家庭和家庭环境的特点部分解释了早期出现的与社会经济状况相关的EF差异，这是不同发展阶段在成就和健康方面存在社会经济差异的潜在来源。
Childhood socioeconomic status (SES) predicts executive function (EF), but fundamental aspects of this relation remain unknown: the developmental course of the SES disparity, its continued sensitivity to SES changes during that course, and the features of childhood experience responsible for the SES-EF relation. Regarding course, early disparities would be expected to grow during development if caused by accumulating stressors at a given constant level of SES. Alternatively, they would narrow if schooling partly compensates for the effects of earlier deprivation, allowing lower-SES children to 'catch up'. The potential for later childhood SES change to affect EF is also unknown. Regarding mediating factors, previous analyses produced mixed answers, possibly due to correlation amongst candidate mediators. We address these issues with measures of SES, working memory and planning, along with multiple candidate mediators, from the NICHD Study of Early Childcare (n = 1009). Early family income-to-needs and maternal education predicted planning by first grade, and income-to-needs predicted working memory performance at 54 months. Effects of early SES remained consistent through middle childhood, indicating that the relation between early indicators of SES and EF emerges in childhood and persists without narrowing or widening across early and middle childhood. Changes in family income-to-needs were associated with significant changes in planning and trend-level changes in working memory. Mediation analyses supported the role of early childhood home characteristics in explaining the association between SES and EF, while early childhood maternal sensitivity was specifically implicated in the association between maternal education and planning. Early emerging and persistent SES-related differences in EF, partially explained by characteristics of the home and family environment, are thus a potential source of socioeconomic disparities in achievement and health across development.