Technical options for the mitigation of direct methane and nitrous oxide emissions from livestock: a review
Technical options for the mitigation of direct methane and nitrous oxide emissions from livestock: a review
复制标题
DOI：
10.1017/s1751731113000876
复制
发表时间：
2013-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.6
通讯作者：
Oosting, S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gerber, P. J.;Hristov, A. N.;Oosting, S.
尽管畜牧业在全球温室气体排放中占了相当大的份额，但已经确定了许多技术选择来减少这些排放。在这篇综述中，讨论了已被证明有效的这些选项的子集。这些措施包括减少全球畜牧业最大的单一排放源--反刍动物肠道发酵产生的甲烷排放量，以及减少粪便产生的甲烷和N2O排放量。这项审查的一个独特之处是高度重视缓解选择与生产力之间的相互作用。在降低肠道排放的饲料添加剂选择中，饲料脂类、硝酸盐和离子载体被认为是最有效的。在现有的各种饲料和饲料管理措施中，饲料品质、饲料加工和精准饲养前景最好。关于粪便，建议采取饮食措施，减少N的排泄量(例如，更好地匹配饮食蛋白质与动物的需要)，将N的排泄量从尿液转移到粪便(例如，单宁含量较低)，并减少可发酵有机物的排泄量。在可用于粪便管理的许多末端处理措施中，收集和/或处理储存过程中的CH4排放的方法(如厌氧消化、生物过滤、堆肥)以及粪便地下注入是本审查部分提出的最令人鼓舞的备选办法之一。在评估缓解潜力时，多种气体观点的重要性至关重要，因为所审查的大多数备选方案都显示了温室气体(GHG)排放源之间的强烈相互作用。本文回顾了关于潜在污染交换的现有知识，即一种温室气体或排放源的减少会导致另一种温室气体或排放源的意外增加。
Although livestock production accounts for a sizeable share of global greenhouse gas emissions, numerous technical options have been identified to mitigate these emissions. In this review, a subset of these options, which have proven to be effective, are discussed. These include measures to reduce CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation by ruminants, the largest single emission source from the global livestock sector, and for reducing CH4 and N2O emissions from manure. A unique feature of this review is the high level of attention given to interactions between mitigation options and productivity. Among the feed supplement options for lowering enteric emissions, dietary lipids, nitrates and ionophores are identified as the most effective. Forage quality, feed processing and precision feeding have the best prospects among the various available feed and feed management measures. With regard to manure, dietary measures that reduce the amount of N excreted (e.g. better matching of dietary protein to animal needs), shift N excretion from urine to faeces (e.g. tannin inclusion at low levels) and reduce the amount of fermentable organic matter excreted are recommended. Among the many end-of-pipe' measures available for manure management, approaches that capture and/or process CH4 emissions during storage (e.g. anaerobic digestion, biofiltration, composting), as well as subsurface injection of manure, are among the most encouraging options flagged in this section of the review. The importance of a multiple gas perspective is critical when assessing mitigation potentials, because most of the options reviewed show strong interactions among sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The paper reviews current knowledge on potential pollution swapping, whereby the reduction of one GHG or emission source leads to unintended increases in another.