Ecological and limnological bases for management of overgrown macrophytes: introduction to a special feature
Ecological and limnological bases for management of overgrown macrophytes: introduction to a special feature
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DOI：
10.1007/s10201-018-0565-z
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
1.6
通讯作者：
M. Kagami;J. Nishihiro;Takehito Yoshida
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Kagami;J. Nishihiro;Takehito Yoshida
水生植物的过度生长是世界上许多浅水湖泊和富营养化湖泊生态系统管理的一个主要问题。密集的植被往往会导致人类使用湖泊的问题，如船只航行，渔业和旅游业。水生植物的过度生长也对生态系统过程产生相当大的影响（Caraco等人，2006年）。氧气是变化剧烈的主要因素之一，在大型植物床中形成的缺氧区不仅影响生物地球化学循环，包括甲烷排放、反硝化作用和沉积物中的磷释放，而且影响水生生物，特别是鱼类和底栖生物（Caraco和科尔，2002年）。在过去的几十年里，蓝藻水华一直是湖泊管理的关键问题，而不是水生植物（Paerl等人，2011年）。与生长过度的水生植物不同，蓝藻水华也会对饮用沃茨造成毒素和气味问题。过量的营养负荷，即富营养化，可能导致灾难性的制度转变，从清澈的水状态与水生植物占主导地位的混浊状态与蓝藻水华（Scheffer等人，2001年）。湖泊恢复是为了恢复水生植物，因为已知水生植物通过抑制浮游植物生长和促进其自身生长，在维持清水状态方面发挥重要作用（Jeppesen等人，2012年）。这听起来与上面提到的由过度生长的水生植物所创造的条件相矛盾。当大型植物在湖泊和池塘中成为问题时，必须有临界条件。一个重要的方面是密度依赖过程。如果植被不是那么密集，水生植物可以维持生物多样性，水质和其他生态系统服务。这也取决于水生植物的种类和生活形式。对保持水体清澈有贡献的水生植物主要是沉水植物。如果浮叶水生植物占优势，它们的叶子覆盖水面与蓝藻相同，所创造的条件必须不同于沉水植物。如果大型植物是入侵植物，如鳄鱼草，将有重大的努力，以消除植物的生态系统。这些情况表明，应根据水生植物如何影响湖泊和池塘生态系统进程和生物多样性的科学知识来规划水生植物的管理。本特刊旨在为湖泊水生植物管理提供科学依据。该特刊包括3个主题，包括（1）浅水湖泊水生植物过度生长的生态机制。Kim和Joo（2018年）报告说，韩国农业水库中的水生植物覆盖不仅受到营养条件的影响，还受到水位的影响，因此得出的结论是，还应考虑水位来控制水生植物的过度生长。(2)水生植物过度生长对湖泊生态系统生物和非生物特性的影响。浮叶植物，特别是菱角（菱属），在日本的许多浅水富营养化湖泊中占主导地位，如因波湖，大沼湖和三贤湖。Takagi等人（2018）和Saito et al.（2018）显示了菱属植物的繁殖。影响了日本小萤叶甲的栖息地利用和觅食。Otake等人（2017）发现，萼花臂尾轮虫的诱导防御在水生植物床和开放水域之间存在差异，这可以通过桡足类和Asclanchna等捕食者分布的差异来解释。Miyashita等人（2018）发现附着或自由生活的细菌。
Overgrown macrophytes are recognized as a major issue of the ecosystem management in many shallow and eutrophic lakes of the world. Dense vegetations often cause the problems of human usage of lakes such as boat navigation, fisheries, and tourism. Overgrowth of macrophytes also has considerable impact on ecosystem processes (Caraco et al. 2006). Oxygen is one of the major factors which change dramatically, and anoxic zones created in macrophyte beds affect not only the biogeochemical cycling including methane emission, denitrification, and phosphorus release from the sediment, but also aquatic organisms especially fish and benthos (Caraco and Cole 2002). In past decades, cyanobacteria blooms have been a key issue in lake management rather than macrophytes (Paerl et al. 2011). In contrast to overgrown macrophytes, cyanobacteria bloom also causes toxin and odors problems for drinking waters. Excess nutrient loading, ie, eutrophication, can cause the catastrophic regime shifts from clear water states with macrophytes dominance toward turbid states with cyanobacterial bloom (Scheffer et al. 2001). Lake restoration has been made to bring back the macrophytes, because macrophytes are known to play important roles in maintaining clear water states by suppressing phytoplankton growth and facilitating their own growth (Jeppesen et al. 2012). This sounds contradictory to the abovementioned conditions created by overgrown macrophytes. There must be critical conditions when macrophytes become problematic in lakes and ponds. One important aspect is density-dependent processes. If the vegetation is not so dense, macrophytes can maintain biodiversity, water quality, and other ecosystem services. It also depends on the species and life forms of the macrophytes. Macrophytes that contribute to maintain clear water are mainly submerged macrophytes. If floating-leaved macrophytes dominate, their leaves cover the water surface as same as cyanobacteria, and the conditions created must be different from those by submerged macrophytes. If macrophytes are invasive plants, such as alligator weeds, there would be significant efforts to eliminate the plants from the ecosystems. These circumstances suggest that the management of macrophytes should be planned based on the scientific knowledge of how the macrophytes affect ecosystem processes and biodiversity in lakes and ponds. This special issue aims to contribute to constructing the scientific bases for the macrophyte management in lakes. The special issue covered 3 topics, including (1) ecological mechanisms of the macrophyte overgrowth in shallow lakes. Kim and Joo (2018) reported that aquatic plant cover in agricultural reservoirs in Korea were influenced not only by the nutrient conditions but also by the water level, concluding that the water level should also be considered to control the overgrowth of aquatic plants.(2) The effects of macrophyte overgrowth on biotic and abiotic properties in lake ecosystems. Floating leaved plants, especially water chestnuts (Trapa species), dominate many shallow eutrophic lakes in Japan, such as Lake Inba, Lake Ohnuma and Lake Mikata. Takagi et al.(2018) and Saito et al.(2018) showed how the propagation of Trapa spp. during summer affected the habitat use and foraging of the water beetle, Galerucella nipponensis. Otake et al.(2017) found that induced defence of Brachionus calyciflorus differed between macrophyte bed and open water, which can be explained by the difference of the distributions of predators such as copepods and Asplanchna. Miyashita et al.(2018) discovered that attached or free-living bacteria …