Maladaptive behavioral consequences of conditioned fear-generalization: a pronounced, yet sparsely studied, feature of anxiety pathology.
Maladaptive behavioral consequences of conditioned fear-generalization: a pronounced, yet sparsely studied, feature of anxiety pathology.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.brat.2014.03.009
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发表时间：
2014-06
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Lissek S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
van Meurs B;Wiggert N;Wicker I;Lissek S
焦虑症中的恐惧条件反射实验几乎完全集中在被动情绪条件反射、巴甫洛夫条件反射上，而不是主动行为条件反射、工具性条件反射上。引发这两种类型的条件反射的范式需要研究适应不良，工具性行为所造成的巴甫洛夫异常发现的临床焦虑。一个这样的巴甫洛夫异常是恐惧从条件反射线索（CS+）到类似刺激的泛化。虽然实验室研究结果一再将过度泛化的巴甫洛夫恐惧与临床焦虑联系起来，但没有研究评估巴甫洛夫过度泛化与适应不良、过度泛化的工具回避的对应程度。目前的努力填补了这一空白，验证了一种新的恐惧增强惊吓范式，包括巴甫洛夫和工具组件。该范例被嵌入到计算机游戏中，在此期间，形状出现在屏幕上。一个形状与电击配对作为CS+，其他类似的形状，在没有电击的情况下，作为泛化刺激（GS）。在游戏过程中，参与者选择是否以较差的表现为代价在行为上避免震惊。CS+期间的回避被认为是适应性的，因为电击是真实的可能性。相比之下，GS期间的回避被认为是适应不良的，因为休克不是一个现实的前景，因此不必要地损害性能。结果表明显着的巴甫洛夫工具的关系，更大的巴甫洛夫恐惧与过度概括的适应不良的工具回避。
Fear-conditioning experiments in the anxiety disorders focus almost exclusively on passive-emotional, Pavlovian conditioning, rather than active-behavioral, instrumental conditioning. Paradigms eliciting both types of conditioning are needed to study maladaptive, instrumental behaviors resulting from Pavlovian abnormalities found in clinical anxiety. One such Pavlovian abnormality is generalization of fear from a conditioned danger-cue (CS+) to resembling stimuli. Though lab-based findings repeatedly link overgeneralized Pavlovian-fear to clinical anxiety, no study assesses the degree to which Pavlovian overgeneralization corresponds with maladaptive, overgeneralized instrumental-avoidance. The current effort fills this gap by validating a novel fear-potentiated startle paradigm including Pavlovian and instrumental components. The paradigm is embedded in a computer game during which shapes appear on the screen. One shape paired with electric-shock serves as CS+, and other resembling shapes, presented in the absence of shock, serve as generalization stimuli (GSs). During the game, participants choose whether to behaviorally avoid shock at the cost of poorer performance. Avoidance during CS+ is considered adaptive because shock is a real possibility. By contrast, avoidance during GSs is considered maladaptive because shock is not a realistic prospect and thus unnecessarily compromises performance. Results indicate significant Pavlovian-instrumental relations, with greater generalization of Pavlovian fear associated with overgeneralization of maladaptive instrumental-avoidance.