Tempo and mode of antibat ultrasound production and sonar jamming in the diverse hawkmoth radiation
Tempo and mode of antibat ultrasound production and sonar jamming in the diverse hawkmoth radiation
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1416679112
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发表时间：
2015-05-19
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Barber, Jesse R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kawahara, Akito Y.;Barber, Jesse R.
蝙蝠蛾的军备竞赛已经存在了超过6000万年，蛾进化出超声波敏感的耳朵和超声波产生器官来对抗蝙蝠捕食。这些防御机制的进化从未被彻底研究过，因为在整个群体中同时进行行为和系统发育分析的局限性。天蛾在世界范围内有超过1,500种，其中一些使用生殖器发声结构产生超声波。然而，这种行为的功能和演变在很大程度上仍然未知。我们建立了一个全面的行为数据集的天蛾听力和超声波应答声纳攻击，使用高通量的现场测定。近一半的测试物种（124种中的57种）产生超声波触觉刺激或蝙蝠回声定位攻击的回放。为了测试超声波的功能，我们让大棕蝙蝠（Eptesicus fuscus）与天蛾在多个夜晚进行对抗，并表明天蛾干扰了蝙蝠的声纳。超声波生产立即和一贯有效地挫败攻击和蝙蝠定期执行捕捉行为没有捕捉蛾。我们还构建了一个化石校准的多基因系统，以研究整个家族中这些反蝙蝠策略的进化历史和分歧时间。我们发现，超声波生产出现在多个群体，在渐新世晚期（类似26马）食虫蝙蝠出现后开始。在中新世（18-14 Ma），声纳干扰和蝙蝠探测耳朵分别出现了两次，一次来自只对身体接触产生超声波的无耳天蛾，另一次来自对触摸或蝙蝠回声定位攻击没有反应的物种。
The bat-moth arms race has existed for over 60 million y, with moths evolving ultrasonically sensitive ears and ultrasound-producing organs to combat bat predation. The evolution of these defenses has never been thoroughly examined because of limitations in simultaneously conducting behavioral and phylogenetic analyses across an entire group. Hawkmoths include >1,500 species worldwide, some of which produce ultrasound using genital stridulatory structures. However, the function and evolution of this behavior remain largely unknown. We built a comprehensive behavioral dataset of hawkmoth hearing and ultrasonic reply to sonar attack using high-throughput field assays. Nearly half of the species tested (57 of 124 species) produced ultrasound to tactile stimulation or playback of bat echolocation attack. To test the function of ultrasound, we pitted big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) against hawkmoths over multiple nights and show that hawkmoths jam bat sonar. Ultrasound production was immediately and consistently effective at thwarting attack and bats regularly performed catching behavior without capturing moths. We also constructed a fossil-calibrated, multigene phylogeny to study the evolutionary history and divergence times of these antibat strategies across the entire family. We show that ultrasound production arose in multiple groups, starting in the late Oligocene (similar to 26 Ma) after the emergence of insectivorous bats. Sonar jamming and bat-detecting ears arose twice, independently, in the Miocene (18-14 Ma) either from earless hawkmoths that produced ultrasound in response to physical contact only, or from species that did not respond to touch or bat echolocation attack.