Dietary factors influencing zinc absorption
Dietary factors influencing zinc absorption
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DOI：
10.1093/jn/130.5.1378s
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发表时间：
2000-05-01
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Lönnerdal, B
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Lönnerdal, B
在欠发达和工业化国家的许多人口群体中，都已认识到边际缺锌和次优锌状况。虽然在某些情况下，原因可能是饮食中锌的摄入量不足，但锌吸收的抑制剂很可能是最常见的致病因素。植酸盐存在于谷物、玉米和大米等主食中，对复合餐中锌的吸收有很大的负面影响。植酸形式的六磷酸肌醇和五磷酸根对锌的吸收没有或几乎没有影响。通过酶(植酸酶)处理、沉淀法、发芽、发酵或植物育种/基因工程等方法去除或还原植酸可显著提高锌的吸收。如果以补充剂的形式同时服用，铁会对锌的吸收产生负面影响，而当一顿饭中含有等量的强化剂时，则没有观察到任何影响。在环境中不断增加的镉也会抑制锌的吸收，一顿饭中的蛋白质含量对锌的吸收有积极的影响，但个别蛋白质的作用可能不同；例如，与其他蛋白质来源相比，酪蛋白对锌的吸收有轻微的抑制作用。氨基酸，如组氨酸和蛋氨酸，以及其他低分子离子，如EDTA和有机酸(如柠檬酸)，已知对锌的吸收有积极影响，并已被用于补锌。在设计改善弱势群体锌营养的策略时，了解抑制锌吸收的饮食因素以及克服或消除这些因素的方法是至关重要的。
Marginal zinc deficiency and suboptimal zinc status have been recognized in many groups of the population in both less developed and industrialized countries. Although the cause in some cases may be inadequate dietary intake of zinc, inhibitors of zinc absorption are most likely the most common causative factor. Phytate, which is present in staple foods like cereals, corn and rice, has a strong negative effect on zinc absorption from composite meals. Inositol hexaphosphates and pentaphosphates are the phytate forms that exert these negative effects, whereas the lower phosphates have no or little effect on zinc absorption. The removal or reduction of phytate by enzyme (phytase) treatment, precipitation methods, germination, fermentation or plant breeding/genetic engineering markedly improves zinc absorption. Iron can have a negative effect on zinc absorption, if given together in a supplement, whereas no effect is observed when the same amounts are present in a meal as fortificants. Cadmium, which is increasing in the environment, also inhibits zinc absorption, The amount of protein in a meal has a positive effect on zinc absorption, but individual proteins may act differently; e.g., casein has a modest inhibitory effect of zinc absorption compared with other protein sources. Amino acids, such as histidine and methionine, and other low-molecular-weight ions, such as EDTA and organic acids (e.g., citrate), are known to have a positive effect on zinc absorption and have been used for zinc supplements. Knowledge about dietary factors that inhibit zinc absorption and about ways to overcome or remove these factors is essential when designing strategies to improve the zinc nutrition of vulnerable groups.