IMAGINAL ECDYSIS OF CRICKET (TELEOGRYLLUS-OCEANICUS) .1. ORGANIZATION OF MOTOR PROGRAMS AND ROLES OF CENTRAL AND SENSORY CONTROL
IMAGINAL ECDYSIS OF CRICKET (TELEOGRYLLUS-OCEANICUS) .1. ORGANIZATION OF MOTOR PROGRAMS AND ROLES OF CENTRAL AND SENSORY CONTROL
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DOI：
10.1007/bf00656847
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发表时间：
1977-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
CARLSON, JR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
CARLSON, JR
板球蜕皮是一种高度刻板的、持续时间长(4小时)的行为，由独立控制的行为成分(运动程序)组成，其中48个被描述。运动程序是按固定顺序招募的，在重合期间活跃，并在各自的任务完成时终止。一些运动项目被第二次招募，并与同时活动的新的运动项目集相关联。其他是可选的，可以偶尔删除。当蜕皮发生在水平表面时，会招募其他程序，而备份程序完成先前程序失败的任务。双边运动程序协调是对称的、不对称的或交替的，纵向的协调是同步的或顺序的。这种行为发生在被静止期隔开的一系列活动中。在蜕皮期的每一轮活动中，前后运动程序发生在相互排斥的时间段，这促进了运动程序之间的合作。蜕皮进一步分为4个不同的功能阶段：准备(2小时)，锚定和松弛旧角质层；蜕皮(20分钟)，脱离身体；扩张(1小时)，膨胀新角质层；和脱落(30分钟)，摄取旧角质层以回收营养。这种行为的强度有系统地变化，在4个阶段中的每一个阶段都达到峰值，在过渡时期下降。来自新暴露的角质层的感觉反馈控制着活动的周期，并产生强度峰值。这类反馈会招募和终止运动项目。然而，在蜕皮前2小时完全剥离旧角质层并不会引发这种行为。在延迟2小时后，运动程序招募开始，行为进展到大约一半，在被逮捕之前完成蜕皮阶段。断头未能扰乱运动程序重新启动的正常顺序，尽管在4小时生理期内的任何时间进行断头都会触发1个运动程序(蠕动腹波)。蜕皮的控制是通过一个多层的运动程序系统、一个纵向的BUT结构和4个不同的功能阶段来完成的，在这4个阶段中，中枢和感觉元素都进行了合作。
Ecdysis in the cricket is a highly stereotyped, long-lasting (4 h) behavior, which is composed of independently controlled behavioral components (motor programs), of which 48 are described. Motor programs are recruited in a stereotyped sequence, are active during coincident periods, and terminate when their individual tasks are complete. Some motor programs are recruited a 2nd time and associate with new sets of concurrently active motor programs. Other are optional and can be deleted occasionally. Alternative programs are recruited when ecdysis takes place on a horizontal surface, and backup programs complete tasks failed by earlier programs. Bilateral motor program coordination is symmetric, asymmetric, or alternating, and longitudinal is either synchronous or sequential. The behavior occurs as disrete bouts of activity separated by periods of quiescence. Anterior and posterior motor programs occur during mutually exclusive periods within each bout of activity during the ecdysial phase, and this facilitates cooperation between motor programs. Ecdysis is further divided into 4 functionally distinct phases: preparatory (2 h), anchors and loosens the old cuticle; ecdysial (20 min), extricates the body; expansional (1 h), inflates the new cuticle; and exuvial (30 min), ingests the old cuticle to reclaim nutrients. The intensity of the behavior varies systematically, peaking during each of the 4 phases and declining during transitional periods. Sensory feedback from newly exposed cuticle controls the period of activity bouts, and produces the intensity peaks. Feedback of this sort recruits and terminates motor programs. Complete peeling of the old cuticle 2 h before ecdysis does not trigger the behavior, however. After a 2 h delay, motor program recruitment begins, and the behavior progresses about half way to completion of the ecdysial phase before becoming arrested. Decapitation fails to disrupt the normal sequence of motor program recruitment, although it triggers 1 motor program (peristaltic abdominal waves) when performed at any time during the 4 h ecdysial period. The control of ecdysis is accomplished by a multilayered system of motor programs, a longitudinal bout structure, and 4 functionally distinct phases, in which both central and sensory elements cooperate.