Function of the epaxial muscles in walking, trotting and galloping dogs: implications for the evolution of epaxial muscle function in tetrapods
Function of the epaxial muscles in walking, trotting and galloping dogs: implications for the evolution of epaxial muscle function in tetrapods
复制标题
DOI：
10.1242/jeb.039487
复制
发表时间：
2010-05-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Carrier, David R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Schilling, Nadja;Carrier, David R.
体轴在四足动物的运动中起着核心作用。它有助于运动的工作，为肢体产生机械功提供基础，是控制身体姿势的中心，并整合肢体和躯干动作。哺乳动物的轴上肌被认为可以动员和整体稳定躯干，但它们发挥特定功能的时间和程度可能取决于步态和脊椎水平。为了增加我们对它们功能的理解，我们记录了m的活动。腰多裂肌和腰肌在犬行走、小跑和飞奔时，在三个颅尾水平上测量胸腰最长肌。肌肉募集的水平显着高于在快步走，但在小跑和疾驰。在行走过程中，轴上肌肉活动是适当的，以产生侧向弯曲和抵抗躯干的长轴扭转和外在肢体肌肉产生的力。在小跑过程中，它们还能在矢状面中稳定躯干，以抵抗质心的惯性。驰马过程中的肌肉募集与矢状面伸展的产生是一致的。在步行和疾驰过程中，沿着躯干的顺序激活沿着与先前观察到的横向和矢状弯曲的行波分别雅阁，而小跑过程中的同步活动与躯干弯曲的驻波一致。因此，在狗中观察到的头尾招募模式类似于四足动物的近形运动模式。与其他四足动物相比，哺乳动物在对称步态期间显示双侧活动，这提供了增加的矢状稳定性，并且与旁肢姿势和更大的矢状移动性的演变有关。
The body axis plays a central role in tetrapod locomotion. It contributes to the work of locomotion, provides the foundation for the production of mechanical work by the limbs, is central to the control of body posture, and integrates limb and trunk actions. The epaxial muscles of mammals have been suggested to mobilize and globally stabilize the trunk, but the timing and the degree to which they serve a particular function likely depend on the gait and the vertebral level. To increase our understanding of their function, we recorded the activity of the m. multifidus lumborum and the m. longissimus thoracis et lumborum at three cranio-caudal levels in dogs while they walked, trotted and galloped. The level of muscle recruitment was significantly higher during trotting than during walking, but was similar during trotting and galloping. During walking, epaxial muscle activity is appropriate to produce lateral bending and resist long-axis torsion of the trunk and forces produced by extrinsic limb muscles. During trotting, they also stabilize the trunk in the sagittal plane against the inertia of the center of mass. Muscle recruitment during galloping is consistent with the production of sagittal extension. The sequential activation along the trunk during walking and galloping is in accord with the previously observed traveling waves of lateral and sagittal bending, respectively, while synchronized activity during trotting is consistent with a standing wave of trunk bending. Thus, the cranio-caudal recruitment patterns observed in dogs resemble plesiomorphic motor patterns of tetrapods. In contrast to other tetrapods, mammals display bilateral activity during symmetrical gaits that provides increased sagittal stability and is related to the evolution of a parasagittal limb posture and greater sagittal mobility.