Loss of Biodiversity Dimensions through Shifting Climates and Ancient Mass Extinctions
Loss of Biodiversity Dimensions through Shifting Climates and Ancient Mass Extinctions
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DOI：
10.1093/icb/icy111
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发表时间：
2018-12-01
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Jablonski, David
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Edie, Stewart M.;Huang, Shan;Jablonski, David
气候的许多方面影响生物多样性在时间和空间上的部署，因此气候变化可能会导致区域和全球生物类群及其生态功能的灭绝。在这里，我们研究了过去的气候变化与海洋双壳类物种灭绝的关系，这越来越多地被用作宏观生态和宏观进化分析的模型系统。专注于新生代（66万年前到现在），我们分析了浅水海洋双壳类属的灭绝模式相对于温度动态估计从微体化石的同位素数据。当考虑整个新生代时间序列时，灭绝强度与给定时间间隔（地层阶段）内的平均温度或温度的去趋势方差没有显着关联。然而，消光增加显着的温度变化率在消光阶段和绝对变化的平均温度从前一阶段到消光阶段。因此，一些灭绝事件，特别是上新世-更新世边界附近的灭绝脉冲，似乎确实有气候驱动因素。此外，今天的纬度多样性梯度和极地动物群的新生代历史表明，与冷却有关的长期区域性排斥不仅消除了高纬度海洋的类群，而且消除了各种生态功能。这些动态的生物多样性丧失对比两个大规模的灭绝包围中生代，这对生态功能的多样性的影响可以忽略不计，尽管删除了几乎一样多的类群的纬度梯度今天。因此，化石记录提出了一个关键问题：当今压力的生物后果是否更接近于过去气候变化的长期影响，或者那些从大规模气候变化中级联而来的影响。
Many aspects of climate affect the deployment of biodiversity in time and space, and so changes in climate might be expected to drive regional and global extinction of both taxa and their ecological functions. Here we examine the association of past climate changes with extinction in marine bivalves, which are increasingly used as a model system for macroecological and macroevolutionary analysis. Focusing on the Cenozoic Era (66 Myr ago to the present), we analyze extinction patterns in shallow-water marine bivalve genera relative to temperature dynamics as estimated from isotopic data in microfossils. When the entire Cenozoic timeseries is considered, extinction intensity is not significantly associated with the mean temperature or the detrended variance in temperature within a given time interval (stratigraphic stage). However, extinction increases significantly with both the rate of temperature change within the stage of extinction and the absolute change in mean temperature from the preceding stage to the stage of extinction. Thus, several extinction events, particularly the extinction pulse near the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary, do appear to have climatic drivers. Further, the latitudinal diversity gradient today and the Cenozoic history of polar faunas suggest that long-term, regional extinctions associated with cooling removed not just taxa but a variety of ecological functions from high-latitude seas. These dynamics of biodiversity loss contrast with the two mass extinctions bracketing the Mesozoic Era, which had negligible effects on the diversity of ecological functions despite removing nearly as many taxa as the latitudinal gradient does today. Thus, the fossil record raises a key issue: whether the biotic consequences of present-day stresses will more closely resemble the long-term effects of past climate changes or those that cascaded from the mass extinctions.