Biomarkers of Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Waterpipe Tobacco Venue Employees in Istanbul, Moscow, and Cairo
Biomarkers of Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Waterpipe Tobacco Venue Employees in Istanbul, Moscow, and Cairo
复制标题
DOI：
10.1093/ntr/ntx125
复制
发表时间：
2018-04-01
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Navas-Acien, Ana
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Moon, Katherine A.;Rule, Ana M.;Navas-Acien, Ana
背景：大多数无烟立法，以减少二手烟（SHS）暴露豁免水管（水烟）吸烟场所。很少有研究探讨SHS暴露在waterpipe场馆及其employees.Methods：我们调查了276名员工的46个waterpipe烟草场馆在伊斯坦布尔，莫斯科，开罗。我们采访了场馆管理人员和员工，并收集了员工的生物样本，以测量呼出的一氧化碳（CO）、头发尼古丁、唾液可替宁、尿液可替宁、尿液4-（甲基亚硝胺）-1-（3-吡啶基）-1-丁醇（NNAL）和尿液1-羟基芘葡萄糖醛酸苷（1-OHPG）。我们估计调整后的几何均值比（GMR）的每个SHS生物标志物的员工的特点和室内空气SHS measures.Results：有73名非吸烟员工和203名目前吸烟者的香烟或水管。在非吸烟者中，SHS生物标志物的（四分位数）范围浓度为1.1（0.2，40.9）μ g/g肌酐尿可替宁，5.5（2，15）ng/mL唾液可替宁，0.95（0.36，5.02）ng/mg毛发尼古丁，1.48（0.98，3.97）pg/mg尿肌酐NNAL，0.54（0.25，0.97）pmol/mg尿肌酐1-OHPG和1.67（1.33，2.33）ppm呼出的CO。8小时的工作时间增加与较高的尿可替宁（GMR：1.68，95% CI：1.20，2.37）和头发尼古丁（GMR：1.22，95% CI：1.05，1.43）。照明水管与较高的唾液可替宁（GMR：2.83，95% CI：1.05，7.62）。结论：水管烟草场所的非吸烟员工暴露于高水平的SHS，包括可测量的致癌生物标志物（烟草特有的亚硝胺和多环芳烃）。
Background: Most smoke-free legislation to reduce secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure exempts waterpipe (hookah) smoking venues. Few studies have examined SHS exposure in waterpipe venues and their employees.Methods: We surveyed 276 employees of 46 waterpipe tobacco venues in Istanbul, Moscow, and Cairo. We interviewed venue managers and employees and collected biological samples from employees to measure exhaled carbon monoxide (CO), hair nicotine, saliva cotinine, urine cotinine, urine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), and urine 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide (1-OHPG). We estimated adjusted geometric mean ratios (GMR) of each SHS biomarker by employee characteristics and indoor air SHS measures.Results: There were 73 nonsmoking employees and 203 current smokers of cigarettes or waterpipe. In nonsmokers, the median (interquartile) range concentrations of SHS biomarkers were 1.1 (0.2, 40.9) mu g/g creatinine urine cotinine, 5.5 (2, 15) ng/mL saliva cotinine, 0.95 (0.36, 5.02) ng/mg hair nicotine, 1.48 (0.98, 3.97) pg/mg creatinine urine NNAL, 0.54 (0.25, 0.97) pmol/mg creatinine urine 1-OHPG, and 1.67 (1.33, 2.33) ppm exhaled CO. An 8-hour increase in work hours was associated with higher urine cotinine (GMR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.20, 2.37) and hair nicotine (GMR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.43). Lighting waterpipes was associated with higher saliva cotinine (GMR: 2.83, 95% CI: 1.05, 7.62).Conclusions: Nonsmoking employees of waterpipe tobacco venues were exposed to high levels of SHS, including measurable levels of carcinogenic biomarkers (tobacco-specific nitrosamines and PAHs).