Global status report on violence prevention 2014.
Global status report on violence prevention 2014.
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DOI：
10.1136/injuryprev-2015-041640
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发表时间：
2015-06
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Krug EG
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Butchart A;Mikton C;Dahlberg LL;Krug EG
各国正在采取哪些措施来处理人际暴力，是世卫组织、联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室和联合国开发计划署的联合出版物。人际暴力包括虐待儿童、青年暴力、亲密伴侣暴力、性暴力和虐待老年人。它是导致年轻人死亡的主要原因，并导致数百万接受紧急医疗护理的非致命伤害。此外，接触人际暴力与健康风险行为增加有关——精神健康问题、身体健康问题和生殖健康问题。关于人际暴力的流行病学研究正在增加，关于如何预防暴力的结果评估研究也在增加。3 .相比之下，很少有记录表明各国在多大程度上利用科学知识设计和监测政策、方案和法律，以防止这种暴力并向受害者提供服务。4-6自1990年代中期以来，世卫组织促进了预防人际暴力的公共卫生方法，世卫组织会员国就此专题通过了若干决议。正是在这种背景下，2014年12月11日发布了《2014年全球预防暴力现状报告》。该报告描述了世界范围内人际暴力问题的现状，以及各国为采取行动收集致命和非致命暴力数据的程度；评估防止暴力的计划、政策和立法措施的现状；▸在医疗、社会和法律服务方面评估暴力受害者的可用性，并且在处理人际暴力问题上找出差距，并刺激国家行动来解决这些问题。在每个国家，在政府任命的国家数据协调员的帮助下，来自6至10个部门的代表在召开协商一致会议商定最后的国家数据之前完成了一份调查表。调查表涉及一般的人际暴力，并有关于虐待儿童、青年暴力、对妇女的亲密伴侣暴力和性暴力以及虐待老人的具体章节。共有133个国家对调查作出了回应，占世界人口的88%。该报告估计，2012年全球共有47.5万起凶杀案，其中中美洲和南美洲以及南部非洲的凶杀率最高，西太平洋和西欧区域的凶杀率最低。最高地区的犯罪率是最低地区的10倍，82%的凶杀案受害者是男性。2000年至2012年期间，全球凶杀率估计下降了16%，高收入国家下降了39%。数据对于为预防规划和服务提供提供信息和监测至关重要，而行动计划是解决暴力问题的一致努力的基础。报告显示，60%的国家缺乏来自民事或生命登记来源的可用杀人数据。该报告审查了18个“最合买”预防规划的存在和实施情况，例如防止虐待儿童的父母支持规划、防止青年暴力的生活和社会技能培训以及防止虐待老年人的寄宿照料规划。只有三分之一的国家表示，它们正在更大规模地实施每一项最划算的预防规划（例如，在许多学校或社区实施，或覆盖30%的预期目标人群）。具体的预防方案必须辅之以解决暴力的社会决定因素的全社会政策，例如旨在防止暴力的住房政策
what countries are doing to address interpersonal violence, and is a joint publication of WHO, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, and United Nations Development Programme. Interpersonal violence includes child maltreatment, youth violence, intimate partner violence, sexual violence and elder abuse. 2 It is a leading cause of death among young people and results in millions of non-fatal injuries that receive emergency medical care. Furthermore, exposure to interpersonal violence is associated with increased health risk behaviours mental health problems, physical health problems and reproductive health problems. 2 Epidemiological studies of interpersonal violence are increasing, as are outcome evaluation studies of what works to prevent it. 3 By contrast, few efforts have documented the extent to which countries are making use of scientific knowledge to design and monitor policies, programmes and laws to prevent such violence and provide services for victims. 4–6 WHO has promoted a public health approach to preventing interpersonal violence since the mid-1990s, and WHO Member States have adopted several resolutions on the topic. It is against this backdrop that on 11 December 2014 the Global status report on violence prevention 2014 was launched. The report:▸ describes the state of the problem of interpersonal violence worldwide and the extent to which countries are collecting data on fatal and non-fatal violence to inform action;▸ assesses the current status of programme, policy and legislative measures to prevent violence;▸ evaluates the availability of healthcare, social and legal services for victims of violence, and▸ identifies gaps in tackling the problem of interpersonal violence and stimulates national action to address them. In each country, with the help of a government-appointed national data coordinator, representatives from 6 to 10 sectors completed a questionnaire before convening in a consensus meeting to agree on the final country data. The questionnaire covered interpersonal violence in general, and had specific sections on child maltreatment, youth violence, intimate partner and sexual violence against women, and elder abuse. In all, 133 countries responded to the survey, representing 88% of the world’s population. The report estimates that there were 475 000 homicides globally in 2012, with the highest homicide rates in central and southern America and southern Africa, and the lowest in the western Pacific and western European regions. The highest regional rates are 10 times greater than the lowest, and 82% of homicide victims are men. Between 2000 and 2012, homicide rates are estimated to have declined globally by 16% and in high-income countries by 39%. Data are essential to inform and monitor prevention programmes and service delivery, and action plans are the foundation for coherent efforts to address violence. The report shows that 60% of countries lack usable data on homicide from civil or vital registration sources.The report reviews the existence and implementation of 18 ‘best buy’prevention programmes, such as parenting support programmes to prevent child maltreatment, life and social skills training to prevent youth violence, and residential care programmes to prevent elder abuse. Just a third of countries indicated they were implementing each of the best buy prevention programmes on a larger scale (eg, across many schools or communities or reaching 30% of the intended target population). Specific prevention programmes must be complemented by society-wide policies to address the social determinants of violence, such as housing policies aimed at preventing violence by