CHEMICALS FROM COAL
CHEMICALS FROM COAL
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DOI：
10.1021/i360035a014
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发表时间：
1970-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
BATCHELDER, HR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
BATCHELDER, HR
在美国，化学品几乎完全是通过高温副产品碳化从煤中提取的。在英国和欧洲，化学品在一定程度上是通过各种低温碳化工艺获得的，在英国和德国，煤加氢也有几年的历史。直到1940年，在工业活动时期，钢铁市场良好，焦炉产能和产量增加，煤化工产品供应充足。当对钢铁的需求减少时，炉子的运行速度减慢，化学品的供应也减少了。焦炭以外的化学品的市场从来没有强大到足以证明焦炉仅为这些产品而运行的合理性。1910年，炼焦能力达到每年约7000万吨，基本上都是蜂窝炉，没有回收化学品。煤焦油衍生物主要从德国进口。到1920年，煤炭化学品的市场已经强大到足以支持副产品烤炉的建设，并开始取代蜂窝炉。总碳化能力提高到每年97，000，000吨，其中40%在副产品炉中。此后，生产能力再没有超过9700万吨，但到1944年，几乎90%来自副产品炉。1962年，只有2%的焦炭是用蜂窝炉生产的。1940年的十年带来了对甲苯、氨和其他化学品的迫切需求，这些需求是焦化厂无法满足的。石油和天然气被用作原材料，从那时起，它们就占据了主导地位。从真实的意义上说，从煤中提取化学品的重要时代是1920年到1940年。
In the United States, chemicals have been derived from coal almost exclusively through high-temperature by-product carbonization. In Englandand Europe, chemicals have been obtained to some extent through various low-temperature carbonization processes andby coal hydrogenation in England and Germany for a few years. Up to 1940, in periods of industrial activity with good markets for steel, coke-ovencapacity and output increased and coal chemicals were in good supply. When demand for steel decreased, oven operation slowed down and the supply of chemicals fell. Markets for the chemicals other than coke were never strong enough to justify oven opera-tion for these alone.In 1910, coke-making capacity amounted to about 70,000,000 tons per year, substantially all inbeehive ovens with no recovery of chemicals. Coal tar derivatives were obtained primarily by importation fromGermany. By 1920, the markets for chemicals from coal were strong enough to support the construction of by-product ovens and start the displacement of beehive ovens. Total carbonizing capacity rose to 97,000,000 tons per year, 40% in by-product ovens. At no subsequent time did the capacity increase above 97,000,000 tons, but by 1944 almost 90% was from by-product ovens. In 1962, only 2% of the coke was produced in beehive ovens. The 1940 decade brought imperative demands fortol-uene, ammonia, and other chemicals that could not be met by the coke plants. Petroleum and natural gas were used as raw materials, andsince that time they have dominated. In a very real sense, the era of significance for chemicals from coal was from 1920 to 1940.