THE ECOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF REEFS
THE ECOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF REEFS
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DOI：
10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.179
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发表时间：
1998-11
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
R. Wood
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Wood
▪摘要许多灭绝和现存的生物群体聚集在一起，形成了超过35亿年的珊瑚礁。然而，这些群落中的大多数都是在生态和环境控制下生长的，与管理现代珊瑚礁的控制截然不同。全球珊瑚礁的分布不仅在地质时间上有很大变化--主要由海平面和纬度温度/饱和梯度决定--而且更重要的是，造礁生物的营养需求发生了变化，浅海环境中固着生物群面临的生物干扰程度也发生了变化。元古界一旦形成开放的框架，珊瑚礁就分化为开放的表面和神秘的群落，大约190万年前(Mya)，到早寒武世(∼520mya)建立了多样化和复杂的生态系统。钙化的异养生物在古生代和早中生代在生物礁中非常明显，但这些通常是脆弱的群落具有相当大的刚性。
▪ Abstract Many groups of extinct and extant organisms have aggregated to form reefs for over 3.5 billion yr (Ga). Most of these communities, however, grew under ecological and environmental controls profoundly different from those that govern modern coral reefs. Not only has the global distribution of reefs varied considerably through geological time—determined largely by sea level, and latitudinal temperature/saturation gradients—but more importantly the trophic demands of reef-building organisms have changed, as has the degree of biological disturbance faced by sessile biota in shallow marine environments. Reefs differentiated into open surface and cryptic communities as soon as open frameworks developed in the Proterozoic, some 1.9 million yr ago (mya) and diverse and complex ecosystems were established by the early Cambrian (∼520 mya). Calcified heterotrophs were conspicuous in reefs during the Paleozoic and early Mesozoic, but considerable rigidity was imparted to these often otherwise fragile commu...