Impaired eyeblink conditioning in children with fetal alcohol syndrome
Impaired eyeblink conditioning in children with fetal alcohol syndrome
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00585.x
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发表时间：
2008-02-01
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Jacobson, Joseph L.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Jacobson, Sandra W.;Stanton, Mark E.;Jacobson, Joseph L.
背景：眨眼条件反射（EBC）是一种巴甫洛夫范式，涉及条件刺激（例如，音调）与无条件刺激（例如，空气抽吸）。动物研究表明，怀孕期间酗酒会损害EBC，这种损害可能是由下橄榄核、小脑皮质和深核中神经元的损失以及小脑深核中神经可塑性的降低介导的。方法：本文对98名5岁以下的有色人种妇女所生的儿童进行了短暂延迟EBC检查。在南非开普敦的一个（混合血统）社区，他们在产前被招募，并参加了第一个胎儿酒精综合征（FAS）儿童的前瞻性纵向研究。FAS状态在5年时由畸形专家进行评估。结果：FAS组中没有一个儿童达到条件反射标准，对照组中有75.0%的儿童达到条件反射标准。而86.7%的控制谁是条件满足标准的第2次会议结束时，一个相对较少的酒精暴露的非综合征儿童的大部分条件没有这样做，直到第3次会议。这些酒精对EBC的影响在控制了智商后仍然存在。四个小头症儿童谁没有暴露于酒精成功conditioned.Conclusions：这是第一个前瞻性研究，证明受损的EBC在诊断为FAS的儿童。成功的EBC在小头症组支持的推断，EBC赤字是特定的产前酒精暴露和暴露的儿童缺乏独特的FAS畸形诊断的一个潜在的生物标志物。延迟EBC对于识别诊断为可能FAS的个体具有高灵敏度。
Background: Eyeblink conditioning (EBC) is a Pavlovian paradigm that involves contingent temporal pairing of a conditioned stimulus (e.g., tone) with an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., air puff). Animal studies have shown that binge consumption of alcohol during pregnancy impairs EBC and that this impairment is likely mediated by a loss of neurons in the inferior olive and the cerebellar cortex and deep nuclei, as well as by a reduction in neural plasticity in the cerebellar deep nuclei.Methods: Short delay EBC was examined in 98 5-year-old children born to women from the Coloured (mixed ancestry) community in Cape Town, South Africa, who were recruited prenatally and are participating in the first prospective longitudinal study of children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). FAS status was assessed at 5 years by expert dysmorphologists. Two sessions of 50 trials each were administered to the children; a third session was administered the following day to those children who did not meet criterion of 40% conditioned responses in session 2.Results: Not a single child with FAS met criterion for conditioning as contrasted with 75.0% of the controls. Whereas 86.7% of the controls who were conditioned met criterion by the end of Session 2, a large proportion of the relatively few alcohol-exposed nonsyndromal children who conditioned did not do so until Session 3. These alcohol effects on EBC persisted after controlling for IQ. Three of 4 microcephalic children who were not exposed to alcohol were successfully conditioned.Conclusions: This is the first prospective study to demonstrate impaired EBC in children diagnosed with FAS. Successful EBC in a microcephalic group supports the inference that the EBC deficit is specific to prenatal alcohol exposure and a potential biomarker for diagnosis of exposed children lacking the distinctive FAS dysmorphology. Delay EBC has a high sensitivity for identifying individuals with a diagnosis of probable FAS.