Sustainability in the diffusion of innovations: Smallholder nontraditional agro-exports in Guatemala
Sustainability in the diffusion of innovations: Smallholder nontraditional agro-exports in Guatemala
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DOI：
10.1086/452404
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发表时间：
1999-01-01
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Sadoulet, E
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Carletto, C;de Janvry, A;Sadoulet, E
自20世纪70年代末以来，危地马拉与许多其他发展中国家一样，在非传统农产品出口（NTXs）生产方面经历了异常迅速的增长。NTXs的农产品出口份额从1980年的不到6%增长到1992年的22%以上。政府和发展机构推广ntx背后的理由包括寻求外汇收入、替代市场不景气的传统出口作物以及减少农村贫困。作为结构调整和贸易自由化计划强制实施的一揽子计划的一部分，包括危地马拉在内的许多国家政府出台了有利于NTX生产商的政策，如出口便利化程序、补贴计划和财政改革。《普遍优惠制》和《加勒比盆地倡议》等贸易协定为NTX出口商提供了额外的奖励。在危地马拉的情况下，私营组织和贸易协会，例如非传统产品出口商协会，在1980年代促进非传统产品出口方面发挥了催化作用。作为农村发展的一种可能的新办法，国际捐助者已在小农中大力投资推广NTXs。受到相当重视的这类努力之一是1979年在瑞士一个发展机构的财政援助下成立的Cuatro Pinos农业合作社。合作社成员在接下来的10年里增长了10倍，在20世纪80年代末达到1900多名成员，在10个不同的村庄开展业务。在ntx之前，该地区的农业由milpa系统主导-©1999 by the University of Chicago。版权所有。
Since the late 1970s, Guatemala, like a number of other developing countries, has experienced an extraordinarily rapid growth in the production of nontraditional agro-exports (NTXs). The share of agricultural exports coming from NTXs grew from less than 6% in 1980 to more than 22% in 1992. Rationales behind the promotion of NTXs by governments and development agencies include seeking foreign exchange earnings, alternatives to depressed market conditions for traditional export crops, and rural poverty reduction. As part of the packages mandated by structural adjustment and trade liberalization programs, many national governments, including Guatemala’s, introduced policies in favor of NTX producers, such as export facilitation procedures, subsidy programs, and fiscal reforms. Trade agreements such as the Generalized System of Preferences and the Caribbean Basin Initiative created additional incentives for NTX exporters. In the Guatemalan context, private organizations and trade associations, such as the Association of Exporters of Nontraditional Products, played a catalytic role in promoting NTXs in the 1980s. As a potential new approach to rural development, international donors have invested heavily in the promotion of NTXs among smallholders. One such effort that received considerable attention is the agricultural cooperative Cuatro Pinos that was founded in 1979 with financial assistance from a Swiss development agency. Cooperative membership grew tenfold in the following 10 years, reaching more than 1,900 members in the late 1980s and operating in ten different villages. Pre-NTX agriculture in the region was dominated by the milpa sys-© 1999 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.