From learning to memory: what flies can tell us about intellectual disability treatment
From learning to memory: what flies can tell us about intellectual disability treatment
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DOI：
10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00085
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发表时间：
2015-06-03
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Bolduc, Francois V.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Androschuk, Alaura;Al-Jabri, Basma;Bolduc, Francois V.
智力残疾（ID），以前称为精神发育迟滞，影响3%的人口，仍然没有药物治疗。ID的特征是与适应功能缺陷相关的一般心理能力受损，其中发病发生在18岁之前。由于全基因组筛查工具的使用增加，遗传因素正在增加，并被认为是严重ID的原因。不幸的是，用于治疗ID的药物发现并没有遵循与基因发现相同的步伐，使临床医生，患者和家庭没有能力改善症状。尽管如此，一些模式生物已被证明在开发和筛选候选药物方面有价值。一种这样的模式生物是果蝇。首先，我们回顾了人类记忆和果蝇记忆模型的研究现状。其次，我们描述了参与ID和记忆的关键信号通路，如环腺苷31，5 '单磷酸（cAMP）cAMP反应元件结合蛋白（CREB）通路，蛋白质合成的调节，受体和锚定蛋白的作用，神经元增殖的作用，最后是神经递质的作用。最后，我们讨论了从果蝇学习和记忆中获得的重要见解如何在临床研究中转化，以导致更好的治疗开发。
Intellectual disability (ID), previously known as mental retardation, affects 3% of the population and remains without pharmacological treatment. ID is characterized by impaired general mental abilities associated with defects in adaptive function in which onset occurs before 18 years of age. Genetic factors are increasing and being recognized as the causes of severe ID due to increased use of genome-wide screening tools. Unfortunately drug discovery for treatment of ID has not followed the same pace as gene discovery, leaving clinicians, patients, and families without the ability to ameliorate symptoms. Despite this, several model organisms have proven valuable in developing and screening candidate drugs. One such model organism is the fruit fly Drosophila. First, we review the current understanding of memory in human and its model in Drosophila. Second, we describe key signaling pathways involved in ID and memory such as the cyclic adenosine 31,5'monophosphate (cAMP) cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) pathway, the regulation of protein synthesis, the role of receptors and anchoring proteins, the role of neuronal proliferation, and finally the role of neurotransmitters. Third, we characterize the types of memory defects found in patients with ID. Finally, we discuss how important insights gained from Drosophila learning and memory could be translated in clinical research to lead to better treatment development.