A Meta-Analysis on Age Differences in Risky Decision Making: Adolescents Versus Children and Adults
A Meta-Analysis on Age Differences in Risky Decision Making: Adolescents Versus Children and Adults
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DOI：
10.1037/a0038088
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发表时间：
2015-01-01
影响因子：
22.4
通讯作者：
van Aken, Marcel A. G.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Defoe, Ivy N.;Dubas, Judith Semon;van Aken, Marcel A. G.
尽管青少年在现实生活中的冒险行为明显增加，但并非所有的实验研究都表明，青少年在风险决策任务中比儿童和成人承担更多的风险。在目前的4项独立荟萃分析中，神经发育不平衡模型和模糊痕迹理论被用作概念框架，以检查青少年是否比儿童和成人承担更多的风险，以及早期青少年是否比儿童和中晚期青少年承担更多的风险。至少有1项上述年龄比较的研究符合入选标准。与不平衡模型和模糊痕迹理论相一致，随机效应模型的结果表明，青少年比成年人承担更多的风险（g = 0.37），早期青少年比中晚期青少年承担更多的风险（g = 0.15）。然而，与这两种观点不一致的是，青少年和儿童的风险水平相同（g = -.00），青少年和儿童的风险水平也相同（g = .04）。元回归分析显示，与不平衡模型一致，（a）青少年在奖励和损失的即时结果反馈的热门任务上比成年人承担更多的风险;然而，与不平衡模型相反，但与模糊痕迹理论一致，（B）青少年在确定/安全选项的任务上比儿童承担更少的风险。本文还讨论了与行为冒险任务研究相关的一些问题。我们提出了一个风险承担的混合发展神经生态模型，其中包括一个风险机会的组成部分，以解释为什么青少年承担更多的风险比儿童在真实的世界，但在实验室中的儿童的风险水平相同。
Despite evident heightened adolescent risk-taking in real-life situations, not all experimental studies demonstrate that adolescents take more risks than children and adults on risky decision-making tasks. In the current 4 independent meta-analyses, neurodevelopmental imbalance models and fuzzy trace theory were used as conceptual frameworks to examine whether adolescents engage in more risk-taking than children and adults and whether early adolescents take more risks than children and mid-late adolescents on behavioral risk-taking tasks. Studies with at least 1 of the aforementioned age comparisons met the inclusion criteria. Consistent with imbalance models and fuzzy trace theory, results from a random-effects model showed that adolescents take more risks (g = .37) than adults, and early adolescents take more risks (g = .15) than mid-late adolescents. However, inconsistent with both perspectives, adolescents and children take equal levels of risk (g = -.00), and early adolescents and children also take equal levels of risk (g = .04). Meta-regression analyses revealed that, consistent with imbalance models, (a) adolescents take more risks than adults on hot tasks with immediate outcome feedback on rewards and losses; however, contrary to imbalance models but consistent with fuzzy trace theory, (b) adolescents take fewer risks than children on tasks with a sure/safe option. Shortcomings related to studies using behavioral risk-taking tasks are discussed. We suggest a hybrid developmental neuroecological model of risk-taking that includes a risk opportunity component to explain why adolescents take more risks than children in the real world but equal levels of risks as children in the laboratory.