Freeway Revolts!
Freeway Revolts!
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高速公路起义！
DOI：
10.21799/frbp.wp.2019.29
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Jeffrey Lin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jeffrey C. Brinkman;Jeffrey Lin
高速公路起义是20世纪50年代中期早期城市州际公路建设后在美国各地广泛发生的抗议活动。我们目前的理论和证据，从面板数据的社区和旅行行为表明，减少生活质量的高速公路的不适激发了起义，影响了城市内的高速公路的分配，并改变了城市结构。首先，随着高速公路起义的不断发展和随后的政策反应，实际的高速公路建设偏离了最初的计划，特别是在中心社区。第二，高速公路降低了中心地区的人口、收入和土地价值的增长，但在边远地区却增长得更快。这些模式表明，在中心地区，高速公路的不便影响超过了小的访问利益。第三，在一个定量的一般均衡空间模型中，掩埋或覆盖高速公路的总效益很大，集中在市中心。这一结果表明，有针对性的缓解政策可以改善福利，并有助于解释为什么反对高速公路往往是在中心社区观察。高速公路带来的不便，与其通勤的好处相比，可能在美国城市的分散化中发挥了重要作用。
Freeway revolts were widespread protests across the U.S. following early urban Interstate construction in the mid-1950s. We present theory and evidence from panel data on neighborhoods and travel behavior to show that diminished quality of life from freeway disamenities inspired the revolts, affected the allocation of freeways within cities, and changed city structure. First, actual freeway construction diverged from initial plans in the wake of the growing freeway revolts and subsequent policy responses, especially in central neighborhoods. Second, freeways caused lower growth in population, income, and land values in central areas, but faster growth in outlying areas. These patterns suggest that in central areas, freeway disamenity effects exceeded small access benefits. Third, in a quantitative general equilibrium spatial model, the aggregate benefits from burying or capping freeways are large and concentrated downtown. This result suggests that targeted mitigation policies could improve welfare and helps explain why opposition to freeways is often observed in central neighborhoods. Disamenities from freeways, versus their commuting benefits, likely played a significant role in the decentralization of U.S. cities.