BAKERIAN LECTURE 1962 - STRUCTURE OF LIQUIDS
BAKERIAN LECTURE 1962 - STRUCTURE OF LIQUIDS
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DOI：
10.1098/rspa.1964.0147
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发表时间：
1964-01-01
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
BERNAL, JD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
BERNAL, JD
液体结构的令人满意的图景远远落后于其他物质状态的图景。自从18世纪的欧拉时代，或者更准确地说，自19世纪的麦克斯韦时代以来，我们已经对理想气体分子的运动所代表的混沌有了令人信服的定性和定量的描述。正如牛顿所说，晶体或固体一般是分子的排列，这一概念实际上比牛顿更古老，但它的定量陈述是通过Born和其他人在我们这个世纪的工作才成为可能的。但即使是那些在该领域工作最多的人也承认，研究液体的结构或用原子来阐述其性质在很大程度上仍有待探索。这并不是因为不想尝试。人们已经投入了大量的研究来尝试分析液体的结构，或者直接通过在晶体固体中被证明是如此成功的衍射法，或者间接地通过建立模型及其热力学测试来进行。但我们仍然缺乏关于液体中分子排列的充分图像，也缺乏必要的定量理论来解释它们的热性质和其他性质。在这堂课中，我将更详细地发展一种新的方法来解决这个问题。为了完整，我应该详细说明在这个领域的探索中使用的其他理论，但要做到这一点，任何程度的充分性本身都需要比这一节课更长的讲课时间。在这里，我所能做的就是指出它们的共性，并留待进一步讨论，以便将它们相互比较，并与我即将阐述的理论进行比较。我对这门学科的兴趣由来已久。它最初是通过我的生物化学兴趣而产生的，因为所有的生命结构都主要是由水组成的。这导致了30年前的今天，我和RH福勒教授在《化学物理杂志》(Berna&Fowler I933)第一期上发表了一篇关于水和离子溶液的论文。坦率地说，我自己解决这个问题的方法是一种晶体结构，试图将水的结构描绘成二氧化硅、石英和鳞石英四种类似配位结构的混合物。*这导致了通过制作模型来评估水在不同温度下的X射线衍射。从那时起，我自然而然地转到了对其他液体的研究上，这些液体是紧密堆积的所谓的正常单原子
A satisfactory picture of the structure of liquids has lagged far behind that of other states of matter. Ever since the time of Euler in the eighteenth century or, in a more precise form, since that of Maxwell in the nineteenth, we have had a convincing qualitative and quantitative picture of the chaos that is represented by the movements of the ideal gas molecules. The notion of a crystal or a solid in general as an arrangement of molecules' in rank and file', as Newton put it, is, in fact, older than Newton yet its quantitative statement was made possible only through the work of Born and others in our own century. But it is admitted even by those who work most in the field that the study of the structure of liquids or any exposition of their properties in atomic terms is still largely to be sought. This is not for want of trying. A vast number of researches have been devoted to attempts to analyze the structure of liquids, either directly by the diffraction methods which have proved so successful in crystalline solids, or, indirectly, through the construction of models and their thermodynamic testing. But we still lack either an adequate picture of the arrangement of molecules in a liquid or the necessary quantitative theory to explain their thermal and other properties.In this lecture I shall be developing in some detail a new approach to this problem. For completeness I ought to give a detailed account of the other theories that have been used in exploring in this field, but to do so in any degree of adequacy would, in itself, require a lecture longer than this one. All I can do here is to indicate their general character and leave it to further discussion to conlpare them among themselves and with that theory which I am about to expound. My interest in the subject is of long standing. It came about in the first place through my biochemical interests, in that all living structures are mostly composed of water. This was to lead, thirty years ago now, to the paper on water and ionic solution which Professor RH Fowler and I brought out in the first number of the Journal of chemical physics (Bernal & Fowler I933). My own approach to this problem was, frankly, one of crystal structure, trying to picture water structure as that of a mixture of the analogous four co-ordinated structures of silicon dioxide, quartz and tridymite.* This led to an evaluation, by model making, of the X-ray diffraction of water at various temperatures. From that I naturally passed to the study of other liquids, the close-packed so-called normal monatomic